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Development status, challenges and trends of strength technology for hypersonic vehicles
SUN Cong
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2022, 43 (6): 527590-527590.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.27590
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As a type of hi-tech weapon, hypersonic vehicle plays an important strategic role in national security and benefits. It has now become a research hotspot in the field of aerospace, and the competition is becoming increasingly fierce all over the world. Advanced material and structure design is a basic key technology to support the development of hypersonic vehicle. The strength of materials and structures in extremely severe service environments is still a key issue restricting the development of this type of aircraft. This paper reviews the structure strength problems and evolution characteristics in the field of hypersonic vehicles in the past few decades. Combined with the current vehicle model development demand and technology development trend, this paper analyzes the current situation and shortcomings of structure strength technology in supporting the development of hypersonic vehicles and discusses the new requirements, new characteristics and new methods of strength problems in this field in the future. Finally, the future development direction in the field of hypersonic vehicle structure strength is proposed after summarization.
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SST turbulence model improvements: Review
Yu ZENG, Hongbo WANG, Mingbo SUN, Chao WANG, Xu LIU
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2023, 44 (9): 27411-027411.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.27411
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The k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model, one of the best eddy viscosity models with comprehensive performance, has been widely used in recent years. However, with the increase of problem complexity and simulation accuracy requirements, the standard SST turbulence model shows clear limitations in certain aspects, eliciting extensive improvement research. This paper reviews the improvement research of the SST model from six aspects: rotation/curvature effect, compressibility effect, shock wave unsteadiness effect, effect of anisotropy Reynolds stress, effect of stress-strain deviation, and laminar/turbulent transition effect. Meanwhile, it also briefly introduces the model improvement based on the data-driven technology in recent years, sorts out the ideas and development trends of various improvement research, expounds their applicability and limitations, and analyzes the reasons and problems affecting the improvement effect. Finally, some suggestions for future work are given.

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Material⁃structure integrated design for high⁃performance aerospace thin⁃walled component
Weihong ZHANG, Han ZHOU, Shaoying LI, Jihong ZHU, Lu ZHOU
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2023, 44 (9): 627428-627428.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.27428
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The rapid development of the next generation of aerospace technology has imposed more and more stringent requirements for such structural performance as the ultra-strong load-bearing, extreme heat-proof, ultra-precision and ultra-lightweight. Therefore, how to design and fabricate high-performance, lightweight, and ultra-precise aerospace thin-walled structures has become a common concern in the field of advanced material and structural design and manufacturing. This paper reviews the main achievements of high-performance design and manufacture of thin-walled components and their aerospace applications in recent years, focusing on the scientific issues including the mapping law between multi-scale structures and structural performance, the composed manufacturing principle of multi-material and multi-scale structures, and the interaction mechanism between material organization evolution and structural deformation. Moreover, the manufacturing process constraints in structural optimization, the influence of additive manufacturing process parameters on the structural optimization, the material-structure integrated design method of high-performance structures and its application in aerospace structures are discussed. The development prospects and applications of the material-structure integrated design and manufacturing methods of typical aerospace thin-walled structures in the future are also prospected, which can provide references for future related research and aerospace applications.

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Research status and prospect of fault diagnosis for gas turbine aeroengine
LIN Jing, ZHANG Boyao, ZHANG Dayi, CHEN Min
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2022, 43 (8): 626565-626565.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2021.26565
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Gas turbine engine is a comprehensive embodiment of the level of national science, technology and industry. Fault diagnosis is an important guarantee for its safe and reliable operation and an essential indicator of engine advancement. However, due to the complicated structure, highly integrated system, harsh service environment, variable mission profiles, the constraints of limited online testing conditions, and the poor supportability of diagnostic information acquisition, the fault diagnosis for aeroengine faces multiple challenges. In this paper, the research status in China and abroad is firstly reviewed and analyzed from three aspects: gas path analysis and performance evaluation, mechanical fault diagnosis and information fusion. Then, the exciting key problems and challenges in the current research are pointed out. Finally, the future development trends are discussed.
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Development and applications of airport avian radar: Review
CHEN Weishi, HUANG Yifeng, CHEN Xiaolong, LU Xianfeng, ZHANG Jie
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2022, 43 (1): 24758-024758.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2020.24758
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Avian radar has become an important bird situation observation tool in airport bird strike avoidance. The origin of avian radar technology is first introduced, followed by analysis of the target characteristics of flying birds in terms of the target echo amplitude, flight speed, flight height, trajectory characteristics and micro-Doppler characteristics. Four typical airport avian radar systems, including Merlin radar, Accipiter radar, Robin radar and Aveillant radar, and the research status of the domestic avian radar technology are then introduced. Key radar technologies such as antenna, radar waveform, target detection and tracking, target recognition and classification are analyzed, and the performance of typical avian radar systems compared. In addition, the applications of avian radar are discussed with respect to the fusion of radar and photoelectric technologies, the linkage of bird detection and repellent, and the bird information analysis. Conclusions are finally drawn and prospects are made.
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Lightweighting of aerospace and aeronautical equipment: Challenges and perspectives
Weihong ZHANG, Changhong TANG
Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica    2024, 45 (5): 529965-529965.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2023.29965
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Lightweight is a substantial theme in the research and development of aerospace and aeronautical equipment due to its decisive impact on the comprehensive performance and operational efficiency of the equipment. Over the past decades, a handful of innovative optimization design approaches, emerging high-performance materials, and revolutionary manufacturing technologies have been uninterruptedly developed, and the level of lightweighting in aerospace and aeronautical equipment has been significantly advanced. However, the increasing demands for comprehensive performance and multifunctionality of the next generation of equipment present serious challenges to existing lightweight design and manufacturing technologies. Therefore, with a particular emphasis on the layout design, electromechanical system design, materials and structures, high-performance manufacturing and assembly, this paper analyzes the posed challenges and future perspectives.

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Intelligent air combat decision making and simulation based on deep reinforcement learning
Pan ZHOU, Jiangtao HUANG, Sheng ZHANG, Gang LIU, Bowen SHU, Jigang TANG
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2023, 44 (4): 126731-126731.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.26731
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Intelligent decision-making for aircraft air combat is a research hotspot of military powers in the world today. To solve the problem of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) maneuvering decision-making in the close-range air combat game, an autonomous decision-making model based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed, where a reward function comprehensively considering the attack angle advantage, speed advantage, altitude advantage and distance advantage is adopted and improved. The improved reward function avoids the problem that the agent is induced to fall to the ground by the enemy aircraft, and can effectively guide the agent to converge to the optimal solution. Aiming at the problem of slow convergence caused by random sampling in reinforcement learning, we design a value-based prioritization method for experience pool samples. Under the premise of ensuring the algorithm convergence, the convergence speed of the algorithm is significantly accelerated. The decision-making model is verified based on the human-machine confrontation simulation platform, and the results show that the model can suppress the expert system and the driver in the process of close air combat.

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Fundamental mechanical problems in high-performance aerospace composite structures: State-of-art review
ZHAO Tian, LI Ying, ZHANG Chao, YAO Liaojun, HUANG Yixing, HUANG Zhixin, CHEN cheng, WANG Wandong, ZU Lei, ZHOU Huamin, QIU Jinhao, QIU Zhiping, FANG Daining
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2022, 43 (6): 526851-526851.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.26851
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Benefitting from the superiorities brought by the organic fusion of different materials, high-performance composites are considered as an effective approach to achieving light-weight design, multi-functionality and intelligentization of aviation aircraft. However, the high anisotropy and multi-scale structural properties of the composites also produce significant problems and challenges for structural design, fabrication and characterization. The application and development of high-performance composite materials in aircraft is a multi-disciplinary problem involving, material science, mechanical engineering and control technology. Focusing on several related fundamental mechanical problems, this paper mainly presents a critical review on the recent research progress in mechanical design and property evaluation, functional design and manufacturing mechanics of aircraft composite structures. An outlook for the research directions in aircraft composite structures is provided in the final part.
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Current status, challenges and opportunities of civil aero-engine diagnostics & health management Ⅰ: Diagnosis and prognosis of engine gas path, mechanical and FADEC
CAO Ming, HUANG Jinquan, ZHOU Jian, CHEN Xuefeng, LU Feng, WEI Fang
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2022, 43 (9): 625573-625573.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2021.25573
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The engineering advancements during the last two decades have presented opportunities as well as challenges for the Engine Health Management (EHM) system development of civil aero-engines. This R&D review provides an in-depth discussion on EHM needs, gaps and potential solutions/future R&D development directions, focusing on the "up-stream" EHM development modules: Engine gas path diagnostics and prognostics, mechanical diagnostics and prognostics, FADEC diagnostics and prognostics. Results shows the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) method and deep-learning neural networks have shown promises on improving the engine gas path diagnostics accuracy; composite fans have found widespread applications in turbo-fan engines; powder metallurgy has seen more and more applications on fabricating aero-engine parts with complex shapes; the accuracies of metal particle sensing technologies have witnessed significant improvements, with technology readiness level matching the aero-engine needs, and paved the way for fusion diagnostics with vibration signal. The result also show that electrification and intelligentization trends of FADEC system presents new challenges for the diagnostics of the traditionally centralized control architecture.
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Technical development of variable camber wing: Review
WANG Binwen, YANG Yu, QIAN Zhansen, WANG Zhigang, LYU Shuaishuai, SUN Xiasheng
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2022, 43 (1): 24943-024943.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2020.24943
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The Variable Camber Wing(VCW) remains a research hot-spot as it aims to ensure that aircraft acquire optimal aerodynamic efficiency in various flight conditions. The benefits brought by VCWs are firstly presented, and the demands of VCWs from different types of aircraft are classified and thoroughly described. The developing process of VCWs in the past decades are then reviewed in terms of the leading edge and the trailing edge, respectively, and the current major obstacles in application are listed. Further research directions are finally suggested.
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Real⁃time dense small object detection algorithm for UAV based on improved YOLOv5
Zhiqiang FENG, Zhijun XIE, Zhengwei BAO, Kewei CHEN
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2023, 44 (7): 327106-327106.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.27106
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UAV aerial images have more complex backgrounds and a large number of dense small targets compared with natural scene images, which impose higher requirements on the detection network. On the premise of ensuring real-time object detection, a YOLOv5-based UAV real-time dense small object detection algorithm is proposed for the problem of low accuracy of dense small object detection in UAV view. First, combining Spatial Attention Module (SAM) with Channel Attention Module (CAM), the fully connected layer after feature compression in CAM is improved to reduce the computational effort. In addition, the connection structure of CAM and SAM is changed to improve the spatial dimensional feature capture capability. In summary, a Spatial-Channel Attention Module (SCAM) is proposed to improve the model's attention to the aggregated regions of small targets in the feature map; secondly, an SCAM- based Attentional Feature Fusion module (SC-AFF) is proposed to enhance the feature fusion efficiency of small targets by adaptively assigning attentional weights according to feature maps of different scales; finally, a backbone network is introduced in the Transformer in the backbone network, and use the SC-AFF to improve the feature fusion at the original residual connections to better capture global information and rich contextual information, and improve the feature extraction capability of dense small targets in complex backgrounds. Experiments are conducted on the VisDrone2021 dataset. The effects of different network scale parameters and different input resolutions on the detection accuracy and speed of YOLOv5 are first investigated. The analysis concludes that YOLOv5s is more suitable to be used as a benchmark model for UAV real-time object detection. Under the benchmark of YOLOv5s, the improved model improves mAP50 by 6.4% and mAP75 by 5.8%, and the FPS for high-resolution images can reach 46. The mAP50 of the model trained at an input resolution of 1504×1504 can reach 54.5%, which is 11.5% better than that of YOLOv4. The accuracy is improved while the detection speed FPS remains at 46, which is more suitable for real-time UAV object detection in dense small target scenarios.

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Manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative combat system: Concepts, technologies, and challenges
Honghong ZHANG, Wenhua LI, Jiayi ZHENG, Hongbin LIU, Peng ZHANG, Peng GAO, Xusheng GAN
Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica    2024, 45 (15): 29653-029653.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2023.29653
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The future battlefield is confronted with the problems such as high complexity of the environment, strong antagonism of the game, high real-time response, information incompleteness, and boundary uncertainty. To win the future aerospace battlefield, the manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative combat system can become the core key due to its advantages of dual effectiveness, complementarities of combat weaknesses, and high efficiency of action coordination. This paper focuses on the research status of Manned/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MAV/UAV) cooperative combat, which is a new direction of high difficulty, rapid development, broad prospects in applications and multidisciplinary combat. The research status of manned/unmanned cooperative combat is summarized from three aspects: system concepts, key technologies and challenges. The definitions of system combat, winning mechanism and application process and the key technologies such as detection and situational awareness, mission planning, command and decision making, formation control, and effectiveness evaluation are expounded. Finally, the challenges of MAV/UAV cooperative combat in the future battlefield are prospected, and new ideas for the development of intelligent combat technology in the future are provided.

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A TDOA/FDOA cooperative localization method for multiple disjoint sources based on weighted multidimensional scaling analysis
Ding WANG, Jiexin YIN, Xinguang ZHANG, Na’e ZHENG
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2023, 44 (7): 327105-327105.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.27105
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TDOA/FDOA localization is an important wireless positioning mechanism for moving emitters, and its location accuracy is greatly affected by measurement errors of TDOA/FDOA and prior measurement errors of sensor models (including sensor position and velocity). To improve the localization performance under the condition of high-level measurement errors, a TDOA/FDOA cooperative localization method for multiple disjoint sources is proposed based on weighted multidimensional scaling analysis in this paper. The proposed method consists of two calculation stages: Stage-a and Stage-b. Specifically, in Stage-a, two groups of scalar product matrices in multidimensional scaling analysis are employed to form the positioning relationship, which is further used to yield the solutions for the locations of multiple disjoint sources and sensors by constructing a weighting matrix. In Stage-b, a constrained minimization model is established based on the intermediate variables introduced in multidimensional scaling analysis to determine the estimation errors in Stage-a. By solving this optimization problem, the expression for the localization errors in Stage-a are obtained, so as to refine the position and velocity estimates of the multiple disjoint sources as well as the sensors. In addition, the first-order error analysis is employed to prove that the proposed method can asymptotically reach the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) accuracy. Simulation results show that the new method outperforms the existing TDOA/FDOA positioning methods.

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Review of distributed hybrid electric propulsion aircraft technology
ZHU Bingjie, YANG Xixiang, ZONG Jian'an, DENG Xiaolong
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2022, 43 (7): 25556-025556.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2021.25556
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Distributed hybrid electric propulsion system has great potential and advantage in development of general electric aviation. By the optimization of secondary power system, hybrid electric technology can not only heighten the utilization efficiency of energy, but also satisfied the distributed arrangement of power system for higher propulsive efficiency. The paper firstly summarized the current major types of electric aircraft, reviewed the history background of distributed electric propulsion aircraft. Then, the research status of distributed hybrid electric propulsion aircraft technology is summarized, this part mainly discussed the distributed layout technology of propulsion system, type-selection design of hybrid electric propulsion system, modeling and energy management of hybrid electric propulsion system, and so on. The key technologies of distributed hybrid electric propulsion at home and abroad are discussed fully. Eventually, combined with the research of the team, the difficult point problems and solutions of distributed hybrid electric propulsion aircraft are discussed in detail, including dynamic management strategy of energy based on complex system optimization control, optimal energy distribution prediction model driven by historical big data, and principle prototype designing of distributed hybrid electric propulsion system. The main content of this paper clarify the design thoughts and analysis method for distributed hybrid electric propulsion system and energy arrangement, which can provide references for the research of electric propulsion aircraft technology.
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Knowledge graph construction technology and its application in aircraft power system fault diagnosis
NIE Tongpan, ZENG Jiyan, CHENG Yujie, MA Liang
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2022, 43 (8): 625499-625499.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2021.25499
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The electrification degree of airborne equipment continues to increase with the development of science and technology. Owning to this, failure in aircraft power system is posing an increasing threat to flight safety, which granted necessity to fast and accurate health state assessment. The commonly used data-driven fault diagnosis method cannot make use of expert knowledge. Meanwhile, the result of data-driven method is lack of interpretability, and therefore, limits its application in real practice. Knowledge graph has the ability to normalize the storage of such unstructured data as expert knowledge and use it for diagnosis. Moreover, knowledge graph can utilize the unstructured knowledge and supply a reasonable explanation for the cause of the failure. However, in the field of fault diagnosis, there are still few studies on the application of knowledge graph technology. In this article, a knowledge graph construction and application technology for aircraft power system fault diagnosis is proposed. First, ontology of the knowledge graph, which specifies the entity and relation types in the knowledge graph, is constructed based on the priori expert knowledge. Then, Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) method is trained with BMEO-tagged corpus and utilized to extract entities from the unstructured texts. After that, an attention-based Bi-LSTM algorithm is trained with relation-tagged corpus and then utilized to realize relation extraction. Finally, the knowledge graph for aircraft power system fault diagnosis is constructed based on the extracted entities and relations. A fault isolation manual of aircraft power system is used as raw corpus data in the case study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method by the indicators of precision and recall. Based on the knowledge graph, intelligent searching, recommending and Q & A are realized, which strongly support the application prospect of knowledge graph in the field of fault diagnosis.
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Technology development of high temperature superconducting machine for electric aviation
Dongbin SONG, Juzhuang YAN, Wenjiang YANG, Mingliang BAI, Rujing LIU, Shaopeng WANG, Yu LIU, Aimei TIAN
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2023, 44 (9): 27469-027469.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.27469
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The superconducting machine has prospects of a wide range of applications in aviation electric propulsion due to its advantages such as small size, high power density, and high efficiency. The characteristics and current situation of the superconducting pure/hybrid electric drive systems are compared, showing the importance of the superconducting machine for high power aviation electric propulsion. In view of different requirements for motors and generators for the superconducting electric drive system for high power aviation electric propulsion, the operating principles and structural topologies of those prototypes of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) machines studied in the past are reviewed and classified, and the advantages and disadvantages are summarized and analyzed. On this basis, the key technologies of superconducting machine are outlined in terms of superconducting technology, AC superconducting armature, rotor technology, cryogenic technology and insulation technology. Under the background of aviation electrification, the progress in the application of superconducting electric drive system in aviation electric propulsion is outlined, and future development of superconducting electric aviation is also discussed.

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A review of urban air mobility and its new infrastructure low⁃altitude public routes
Xiaohan LIAO, Wenqiu QU, Chenchen XU, Hongbo HE, Junwei WANG, Weibo SHI
Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica    2023, 44 (24): 28521-028521-.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2023.28521
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Technological breakthroughs have once again spawned a lot of attention to the commercialization of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) in urban low-altitude airspace. The urban low-altitude airspace environment is complex, the density of urban air traffic flow in commercial scenarios is high, and the specifications of vehicles are not uniform. As a new infrastructure for UAM, low-altitude public routes are an important means for UAM to carry out refined management. However, the planning methods of low-altitude public routes, the required infrastructure, and the urban air traffic operation and control mode are still unclear. In response to the above issues, this article sorts out the basic concepts and development history of UAM and low-altitude public air routes, as well as UAM management based on low-altitude public air routes; In addition, an UAM operation management framework is proposed. Suggestions and countermeasures are provided on the possible responsibilities of relevant administrative departments in the development UAM; Finally, the construction method of low-altitude public routes network, the difficulties in the development process of UAM and implementation suggestions are summarized, in order to shed light on the healthy and orderly development of the UAM.

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First flight of SpaceX heavy-lift starship: Enlightenment for aerospace industry in China
Guang MENG, Chang LIU, Dongchun YANG, Chenghong ZHOU, Hua ZHOU
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2023, 44 (10): 28914-028914.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2023.28914
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The development of reusable launch vehicles is the persistent pursuit of aerospace industry. Although the first flight of the fully reusable SpaceX two-stage heavy-lift starship was successfully launched, the starship was ultimately self-destructed due to the loss of control in the subsequent flight. After reviewing evolutionary design and the first flight experience of the heavy-lift starship, this paper analyzed the application modes of the heavy-lift starship based on the overall scheme, identified the key technologies involved, and summarized its impact on aerospace industry. Finally, the enlightenment and suggestions of the heavy-lift starship’s achievements to China’s aerospace industry are provided.

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Research progress in key technologies for conceptual-aerodynamic configuration design of supersonic transport aircraft
Yulin DING, Zhonghua HAN, Jianling QIAO, Han NIE, Wenping SONG, Bifeng SONG
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2023, 44 (2): 626310-626310.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2021.26310
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Next-generation Supersonic Transport Aircraft (STA) has become one of the main future directions for civil aviation transport. Compared with subsonic civil aircraft, STA involves a series of technical problems such as sonic boom and is confronted with more strict performance indexes, imposing higher requirements for the conceptual aerodynamic configuration design. This paper classifies the existing supersonic civil aircraft configurations in the world into three generations according to the design strategy and the main technical features. The first-generation configurations mainly adopt a delta wing/ double-delta wing platform to achieve supersonic civil flight and balance both high and low speed performance. The second-generation configurations take the low-boom and low-drag performance into consideration and employ the highly-swept arrow-wing tailless layout, while the third-generation focuses more on the multi-disciplinary comprehensive performance and the technical feasibility. Almost all these configurations adopt the T-tail or V-tail layout and the engine nacelle knapsack or tail crane layout. The technical bottlenecks and difficulties of the new generation STA conceptual-aerodynamic configuration design are then presented. The progress and state of the art of the conceptual design technology, low-boom design technology, supersonic drag reduction technology, and airframe-propulsion integrated design technology are reviewed. Finally, the development trend of a new-generation STA configuration is discussed, stressing some of the key scientific and technical issues to be broken through. Supersonic business jets or small and medium class STA will be the priority in the near future, with technical features approximating those of the third-generation configurations. Comprehensive performance and engineering realizability of factors such as sonic boom, drag reduction, airframe-propulsion integration, aeroelasticity, and man-machine efficacy should be the mainly concern in future research.

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Current status, challenges and opportunities of civil aero-engine diagnostics & health management Ⅱ: Comprehensive off-board diagnosis, life management and intelligent condition based MRO
CAO Ming, WANG Peng, ZUO Hongfu, ZENG Haijun, SUN Jianzhong, YANG Weidong, WEI Fang, CHEN Xuefeng
ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA    2022, 43 (9): 625574-625574.   DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2021.25574
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Based on a comprehensive coverage of the civil aero-Engine Health Management (EHM) needs and goals, this research and development review first analyzes the current status quo & industry trends from the perspectives of the full blown Condition Based Maintenance Plus (CBM+) process, then addresses the challenges and gaps, and points out the critical paths for the future EHM research and development. Furthermore, this research and development review provides in-depth discussions on needs, gaps, and potential EHM solutions/future developments of the three "down-stream" EHM development modules: off-board comprehensive diagnostics, engine life management, intelligent condition based mro (maintenance, repair, overhaul).
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