Fig.1

Applications of eVTOLs

Table 1

Comparison of crashworthiness requirements among planes， helicopters， and eVTOLs

Fig.2

Finite element model of eVTOL and dummy model

Table 2

Mechanical parameters of composite material

Fig.3

Illustration of segments of landing skid

Table 3

Iterative optimization of landing skid design

Fig.4

Damage patterns before and after optimization

Table 4

Crashworthiness of landing skid before and after optimization

Table 5

Stack of plies of composite landing skid after crashworthiness optimization

Fig.5

Composite landing skid after design optimization， and the mold and curing equipment

Fig.6

Neural network for stress prediction of landing skid

Fig.7

Training curve and test results of surrogate model for predicting stress of landing skid

Fig.8

Model and size of energy absorber

Fig.9

Lumber force vs. diameter/thickness

Fig.10

Optimizing workflow of energy absorber

Fig.11

Finite element model of energy absorber

Table 6

Values of primary parameters of material used in energy absorber

Fig.12

Structure of neural network for predicting energy absorbing efficiency of energy absorber

Fig.13

Training curves and test results of surrogate model for energy-absorbing efficiency prediction

Fig.14

Optimizing process using genetic algorithm

Fig.15

Post-crash result of eVTOL after optimization

Fig.16

Decline of lumber force of passenger through crashworthiness optimization

Table 7

Reduction of threat to passengers after crashworthiness optimization

Fig.17

Energy absorption proportion of components

Table 8

Configurations and results of off-axis impact of eVTOL

Fig.18

Post-crash deformation of eVTOL with multi-angle and multi-velocity impact