电动垂直起降飞行器的技术现状与发展

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2023.29937

Abstract

Abstract:

The development of electric Vertical Take-off and Landing （eVTOL） aircraft is greatly promoted for the advances in battery and motor technologies and the application of distributed electric propulsion system. In this paper， the advantages and disadvantages of different eVTOL configurations and their application scenarios are summarized， and a comprehensive comparison between eVTOL and conventional fuel aircraft is made in terms of performance， noise and cost. The interaction noise by rotors and rotor-wing is more prominent for eVTOL， but the electric propulsion rotor system with low tip speed and large rotor solidity greatly reduces its noise level （about a reduction of 15 dB）. Lithium-ion batteries are the main energy source for current and future eVTOL. The advanced battery material system， integrated design of battery-structure and excellent battery management system are effective ways to improve the energy density and energy security of the whole aircraft in the future. The redundant manipulation of eVTOL increases the difficulty of flight control system design， but improves the safety of the whole aircraft at the same time. Fault reconstruction and collaborative control are new challenges faced by eVTOL. A wide variety of configurations and novel design features such as high voltage power， electric propulsion， flight-by-wire flight system and electric actuation are proposed for eVTOLs. In the absence of flight test data， the system-based method is the main method for safety design of eVTOL.

Key words: distributed electric propulsion, electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, noise abatement design, aerodynamic interaction, rotor

CLC Number:

V211.3

Jinghui DENG. Technical status and development of electric vertical take⁃off and landing aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(5): 529937-529937.

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构型	优势	劣势	适用场景
单旋翼	构型成熟、新型设计特征少	噪声水平高，安全性低	全电背景下已不是最优选择之一
多旋翼	技术难度最小、悬停效率高	巡航性能低、航程短、速度低	旅游观光、山区等短途场景
矢量推力	前飞巡航效率高、速度高、航程远	飞控等设计技术难度大	都市交通圈、应急救援、城际物流等搜索救援、补给、特种作战等
复合推力	前飞阻力略大、技术难度适中	飞控等设计技术难度较大
独立推力	技术难度较小、气动干扰小、结构简单	前飞阻力较大、巡航效率略、噪声略高

参数	Joby S2	罗宾逊R22	Van’s RV-7
座位数	2	2	2
起飞重量/lb	2 000	1 370	1 800
最大商载/lb	390	389	460
机翼面积/ft²	53.8		121
翼展/ft	29.5	25（旋翼直径）	25
纵横比	16.2		5.2
翼面载荷（lb·ft^-2）	37.2		14.9
桨盘载荷/（lb·ft^-2）	16.3	2.61
巡航速度/mph	200	110	199
航程/mile	200	165	775
巡航升力系数	0.52		0.19

成本	Joby S2	罗宾逊R22	Van’s RV-7	特斯拉Model S
价格/$	200 000	291 700	110 000	100 000
每英里能源成本/$	0.05	0.53	0.27	0.04
每英里运营成本/$	0.20	1.30	0.44	0.15

构型	最大起飞重量/kg	商载/kg	最大巡航速度/（km·h^-1）	航程/km
AS350松鼠	2 200	417	240	590
Joby S4	2 400	~400	322	241

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Technical status and development of electric vertical take⁃off and landing aircraft

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飞行器	空速/（m·s^-1）	最大A计权声压级/dBA
Joby S4	49	45
Joby S4	51	46
西锐 SR22	51	59
比奇男爵55	51	63
莱昂纳多AW109	51	61
贝尔209	51	58
罗宾逊R44	51	57