周子旋, 张林(
), 孙明波, 杨伟奇, 乔竑玮, 陈玉俏, 张桐
收稿日期:2025-10-31
修回日期:2025-11-17
接受日期:2026-02-27
出版日期:2026-03-24
发布日期:2026-03-16
通讯作者:
张林
E-mail:zhanglin11@nudt.edu.cn
基金资助:
Zixuan ZHOU, Lin ZHANG(
), Mingbo SUN, Weiqi YANG, Hongwei QIAO, Yuqiao CHEN, Tong ZHANG
Received:2025-10-31
Revised:2025-11-17
Accepted:2026-02-27
Online:2026-03-24
Published:2026-03-16
Contact:
Lin ZHANG
E-mail:zhanglin11@nudt.edu.cn
Supported by:摘要:
对于吸气式高超声速飞行器,燃料与超声速气流的快速充分混合、高效燃烧与火焰稳定是其动力系统即超燃冲压发动机设计的核心挑战。凹腔作为最常用的超燃冲压发动机燃烧室火焰稳定装置之一,其构型对燃料的混合燃烧过程乃至燃烧室性能具有重要影响。系统综述了凹腔构型对超声速燃烧室中流动燃烧过程及其性能影响的研究进展。首先,对超声速凹腔构型特点、流场特征结构及物理效果进行了简介。其次,总结分析了凹腔长度、深度、长深比、后缘倾角、前缘倾角等基本构型参数对凹腔回流区结构、燃料驻留时间及火焰稳定性等流动燃烧特性的影响规律。再次,从回流区/涡结构拓展、激波/膨胀波系重构、剪切层调控三方面促进混合燃烧的物理机制出发,对二维凹腔构型优化工作进行系统阐述;进一步聚焦三维凹腔优化与创新设计,探讨了流向涡增强、横向质量交换等优化方法及相关研究进展。最后,结合当前研究现状与技术瓶颈,对凹腔火焰稳定器构型优化与设计提出了建议。
中图分类号:
周子旋, 张林, 孙明波, 杨伟奇, 乔竑玮, 陈玉俏, 张桐. 超声速燃烧室凹腔构型优化研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2026, 47(13): 533007.
Zixuan ZHOU, Lin ZHANG, Mingbo SUN, Weiqi YANG, Hongwei QIAO, Yuqiao CHEN, Tong ZHANG. Research progress on cavity configuration optimization for supersonic combustors[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2026, 47(13): 533007.
表1
几种凹腔基本构型参数对超声速燃烧室性能的影响
| 影响因素 | 典型特征参数范围 | 研究结论 |
|---|---|---|
| 长度/mm | 20 | 长度影响凹腔卷吸燃料的速率[ 长度影响剪切层在流向上的扩展及流体掺混速率[ 长度过长会使原先的主涡进一步分裂为多个次生涡[ 长度的增加会一定程度地延长燃料在凹腔中的停留时间,提升混合效率[ |
| 深度/mm | 5 | 深度影响燃料在凹腔中的驻留时间[ 深度较小凹腔的剪切层厚度更大,并且在横向上振荡更为显著[ |
| 长深比 | 3 | 长深比对剪切层流动不稳定性的调控尤为显著[ 长深比对燃烧室的阻力有重要影响[ 在一定范围内增加凹腔的长深比可以增强动量和热量的交换,促进燃烧[ |
| 后缘倾角/(°) | 30 | 在一定范围内,后缘倾角越小,凹腔剪切层越偏向凹腔内部[ 后缘倾角越小,凹腔内部回流区流动越稳定,燃料驻留时间越长,稳焰效果越好[ |
| 前缘倾角/(°) | 30 | 减小前缘倾角会促使剪切层提前分离,使燃料更容易被卷吸至凹腔,从而促进火焰稳定[ |
表2
二维凹腔构型优化的典型工作总结
| 来源 | 研究对象 | 模型 | 方法 | 研究发现 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kummitha等[ | 阶梯凹腔 | ![]() | RANS | 多步阶梯结构能生成串列式的回流区,从而增强燃料与空气的掺混效果 |
| Luo等[ | 三角形凹腔 | ![]() | RANS | 三角形凹腔可产生更强的后缘激波,进而显著提高湍流燃烧强度 |
| Kummitha等[ | 波纹底壁凹腔 | ![]() | RANS | 波纹底壁通过几何扰动使得剪切层失稳,促进涡旋产生,达到增混促燃的效果 |
Gruber等[ Cai等[ | 后缘突扩凹腔 | ![]() | 实验; RANS/LES | 较低的凹腔后缘高度改变了燃烧室内的激波/膨胀波系结构,从而影响凹腔内部的流场结构和湍流燃烧过程 |
| Landsberg等[ | 前壁倾斜凹腔 | ![]() | 实验; RANS | 倾斜的凹腔前壁面改变了流动分离点的位置,形成一个更为稳定的剪切层,并有效减小了剪切层的振荡 |
| Krishna等[ | 双斜坡凹腔; 部分圆弧凹腔 | ![]() | 实验 | 后壁面的分段斜坡和部分圆弧构型能够降低剪切层对后壁的撞击强度,从而显著降低燃烧室整体的声压级和压力扰动水平 |
表3
近年来关于凹腔三维化构型优化的典型进展总结
| 来源 | 研究对象 | 模型 | 方法 | 研究发现 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oamjee和Sadanandan[ | 塔门凹腔 | ![]() | 实验; RANS | 塔门构型在增加燃料射流穿透力和增强燃料与空气混合的同时,产生了一对反转涡 |
| Dan等[ | 前缘斜坡凹腔 | ![]() | RANS | 前缘斜坡诱导产生流向涡,从而加速了射流下部的氧气供应和火焰传播 |
| Roos等[ | 新月形凹腔 | ![]() | URANS | 新月形凹腔前缘三维曲率产生的强流向涡增强了燃料与空气的混合 |
Handa[ Anyoji[ | 后缘斜坡凹腔 | ![]() | 实验; IDDES | 后缘斜坡诱导形成的发卡涡使剪切层发生偏转,其产生的波系结构沿斜坡传播至燃料喷射孔附近区域,从而增强燃料与空气的混合 |
| Zhang等[ | 后缘开槽凹腔 | ![]() | 实验 | 开槽构型驱动横向空腔流动,使高温产物通过缝隙进入核心气流并形成热点,从而加速链式反应 |
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