飞机过冷大水滴结冰气象条件运行设计挑战

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.26973

结冰和防冰研究专栏

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飞机过冷大水滴结冰气象条件运行设计挑战

陈勇¹^,², 孔维梁²(), 刘洪²

^1.中国商用飞机有限责任公司，上海　210016
^2.上海交通大学航空航天学院，上海　200240

收稿日期:2022-01-21 修回日期:2022-02-21 接受日期:2022-04-08 出版日期:2023-01-15 发布日期:2022-04-24
通讯作者: 孔维梁 E-mail:kongwl@sjtu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年项目(51906143);国家科技专项;国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0712001)

Challenge of aircraft design under operational conditions of supercooled large water droplet icing

Yong CHEN¹^,², Weiliang KONG²(), Hong LIU²

^1.Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China，Ltd. ，Shanghai 210016，China
^2.School of Aeronautics and Astronautics，Shanghai Jiaotong University，Shanghai 200240，China

Received:2022-01-21 Revised:2022-02-21 Accepted:2022-04-08 Online:2023-01-15 Published:2022-04-24
Contact: Weiliang KONG E-mail:kongwl@sjtu.edu.cn
Supported by:
Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51906143);National Science and Technology Project;National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0712001)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

过冷大水滴（SLD）环境是一种普遍存在的危险气象，已造成多起空难事故。因其结冰特征异常、导致失事快而受到广泛重视。20余年来，国内外在过冷大水滴结冰机理、模拟方法、试验技术等方面开展了大量研究，但结冰保护和适航取证研究一直进步缓慢。国际最新SLD结冰适航条款的取证是目前中国大型民机面临的一大挑战。更重要的是在严厉的SLD结冰条款要求下飞机结冰条件的运行能力是否提高，这是一直以来缺乏探讨的问题。按基础研究到工程应用的逻辑，依次介绍了过冷大水滴结冰机理、模拟技术、结冰风险评估和防冰方法等方面的研究进展，并对飞机结冰保护设计及运营策略进行了探讨。综述认为飞机SLD结/防冰设计中多个环节技术仍不成熟，包括数值/试验模拟、结冰环境探测和高效防除冰技术，导致SLD结冰安全设计技术风险大、成本高。单纯提升防除冰能力的综合收益低，飞机应重点提升冰环境感知、结冰探测、防除冰精确性和容冰能力。为此需突破精准结冰保护、结冰准确感知和过冷大水滴试验模拟技术，而这有赖于过冷大水滴环境产生方法和溢流结冰机理等基础问题研究的进步。

关键词: 过冷大水滴（SLD）, 结冰异常性, 结冰安全防护, 适航取证, 运行效率

Abstract:

The Supercooled Large Droplet （SLD） environment is a common icing condition， causing many air accidents and drawing extensive attention because of the abnormal icing and rapid crash. Over the past two decades， considerable research has been carried out on its icing mechanism， simulation methods and test technologies. However， little progress has been achieved on the icing protection and airworthiness certification. The SLD icing airworthiness requirement is a major challenge for large civil aircraft of China. More importantly， the question whether strict airworthiness requirements impact the operation capacity of aircraft has not been explored. This paper introduces the progress of icing mechanisms， numerical technologies， ice risk assessment and anti-icing methods from basic research to engineering applications. Then the aircraft icing protection design and operation strategy are discussed. It is concluded that the safety design of aircraft under the SLD icing condition has high risks and costs due to the immature SLD icing safety technologies such as the icing numerical/experimental simulation， icing conditions sensing， and the high-efficiency anti-icing. Improvements only in the anti-icing capability will have a low benefit. Instead， the ability of icing detection and icing condition detection， targeted icing protection and icing tolerance needs to be enhanced. Therefore， it is necessary to make breakthroughs in the techniques of accurate icing protection， accurate icing detection and experimental simulation of supercooled large water droplets， while these breakthroughs depend on the development of fundamental research such as simulation of supercooled large droplets conditions and the runback icing mechanism.

Key words: Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD), abnormal icing, icing protection, airworthiness certification, operation efficiency

中图分类号:

陈勇, 孔维梁, 刘洪. 飞机过冷大水滴结冰气象条件运行设计挑战[J]. 航空学报, 2023, 44(1): 626973-626973.

Yong CHEN, Weiliang KONG, Hong LIU. Challenge of aircraft design under operational conditions of supercooled large water droplet icing[J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(1): 626973-626973.

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主管单位：中国科学技术协会主办单位：中国航空学会北京航空航天大学

探测技术方法		代表装置
光学法^［75］	目测法	英国Normalair-Garrett结冰探测系统的薄翼型探针
	摄像法	美国奥兰多FM C航空器件公司的摄像法结冰探测系统
	光纤法	中国华中科技大学叶林团队的光纤式结冰传感器

热量法^［75］	电热法	美国Rosemount公司热转移结冰探测系统
热量法^［75］	热流法	Eaton有限公司结冰传感器结构

电容法^［75］	电容法	NASA兰利中心结冰传感器专利

机械法^［75］	障碍法	英国Lucas航空公司研制的Lucas M k3系列结冰探测器
	谐振法结冰传感器	美国Rosemount公司磁致伸缩结冰探测系统Rosemount87系列产品、中国哈尔滨工程大学有相关研究
	谐振法结冰传感器	瑞典Vibro-Meter公司平膜式结冰传感器

波导法^［75］	超声脉冲-回波法	美国Simmonds公司研制的两种独立超声结冰探测测量系统（IDM S）

射线法^［75］		美国Sunstrand结冰探测系统

SLD检测方法^［76］	目测法	空客A330飞机目视结冰探测棒
	水滴轨迹检测方法	美国专利US03002410A1
	结冰条件探测技术	恒温热线式探测器
	远程结冰探测技术	在飞机上安装微波或激光雷达探测飞机前端云层的过冷水滴或冰晶含量

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飞机过冷大水滴结冰气象条件运行设计挑战

Challenge of aircraft design under operational conditions of supercooled large water droplet icing

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