收稿日期:2023-07-19
修回日期:2023-08-07
接受日期:2023-09-07
出版日期:2023-11-15
发布日期:2023-09-15
通讯作者:
邹正平
E-mail:zouzhengping@buaa.edu.cn
基金资助:
Yifan WANG1, Zhengping ZOU1,2(
), Maozhang CHEN2,3
Received:2023-07-19
Revised:2023-08-07
Accepted:2023-09-07
Online:2023-11-15
Published:2023-09-15
Contact:
Zhengping ZOU
E-mail:zouzhengping@buaa.edu.cn
Supported by:摘要:
先进动力系统是水平起降、可重复使用高超声速飞行器的核心支撑,其中,高超声速强预冷发动机是一种极具潜力的动力方案,近年来受到广泛关注。深入研究强预冷发动机的热力循环,掌握发动机热力循环工作特性对发动机的方案设计至关重要。本文对近年来国内外在高超声速强预冷发动机热力循环方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括发动机热力循环建模分析方法、性能分析手段、典型强预冷发动机热力循环方案研究等。其中,根据热力循环方案的显著差异,分别介绍了开式直接预冷循环及中间介质闭式预冷热力循环。已有研究表明,对于开式直接预冷循环,燃料类型是决定其性能的根本,提升燃料的热沉是提升发动机性能的重要途径。对于中间介质闭式预冷热力循环,发动机的比冲、单位推力等性能与闭式循环系统的复杂性存在一定的矛盾。整体来看,需继续开展高超声速强预冷发动机核心部件的研究,提炼更加准确的部件性能模型,完善部件尺寸、重量等估算模型,实现对于发动机比冲、单位推力、推重比等整机性能参数的准确评估,支撑高可行性的高超声速强预冷发动机热力方案设计。
中图分类号:
王一帆, 邹正平, 陈懋章. 高超声速强预冷发动机热力循环研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2023, 44(21): 529343.
Yifan WANG, Zhengping ZOU, Maozhang CHEN. Progress in thermodynamic cycle research of hypersonic precooled engine[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(21): 529343.
表 1
BH⁃MCESP燃气物性计算结果对比
| 压力/MPa | 温度/K | 当量比 | BH-MCESP计算结果 | CEA计算结果 | 密度误差/ % | 定压比热误差/ % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
密度/ (kg·m-3) | 定压比热/ (kJ·kg-1·K-1) | 密度/ (kg·m-3) | 定压比热/ (kJ·kg-1·K-1) | |||||
| 1.0 | 1 000 | 0.4 | 3.25 | 1.26 | 3.25 | 1.26 | 0 | -0.09 |
| 2 000 | 0.4 | 1.63 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 1.42 | 0.01 | -0.25 | |
| 1 000 | 0.8 | 3.05 | 1.39 | 3.05 | 1.38 | 0 | -0.10 | |
| 2 000 | 0.8 | 1.53 | 1.59 | 1.53 | 1.59 | 0.01 | -0.45 | |
| 1 000 | 1.2 | 2.79 | 1.52 | 2.79 | 1.52 | 0 | -0.12 | |
| 2 000 | 1.2 | 1.39 | 1.76 | 1.39 | 1.75 | 0 | -0.50 | |
表 3
常用燃料及冷却剂工质物性[71]
| 工质类型 | 氢 | 甲烷 | 乙醇 | 煤油 | 氦 | 氮 | 二氧化碳 | 水 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 热值/(MJ·kg-1) | 118.4 | 49.7 | 26.8 | 43.1 | ||||
| 定压比热/(J·kg-1·K-1) | 14 540 | 2 950 | 3 121 | 2 000 | 5 192 | 1 069 | 1 058 | 4 658 |
| 气体常数/(J·kg-1·K-1) | 4 122 | 519 | 181 | 46 | 2 078 | 297 | 189 | 462 |
| 比热比 | 1.398 | 1.234 | 1.130 | 1.664 | 1.406 | 1.265 | 1.431 | |
| 导热系数/(W·m-1·K-1) | 0.223 5 | 0.068 3 | 0.148 2 | 0.150 0 | 0.221 9 | 0.039 4 | 0.034 0 | 0.642 7 |
| 动力黏度(μPa·s) | 10.5 | 17.2 | 395.8 | 2 400 | 28.4 | 26.1 | 23.8 | 117.3 |
| 存储温度(K) | 20 | 112 | 288 | 288 | 4 | 77 | 288 | 288 |
| 存储密度/(kg·m-3) | 71 | 415 | 729 | 820 | 124 | 806 | 802 | 997 |
表 4
早期直接预冷热力循环方案
发动机 方案 | 研制国家 | 工作范围、性能及应用对象 | 典型技术特征 |
|---|---|---|---|
| LACE | 德国 | 1) 吸气模态Ma=0~7、比冲800 s;火箭模态Ma≥7。 2) 适用于SSTO飞行器。 | 1) 采用液氢作为冷源。 2) 将空气冷却至露点温度(81.7 K)以下,预冷器存在“夹点”问题,燃料消耗量大,导致比冲低。 3) 吸气模态与火箭模态共用燃烧室和喷管。 |
| RB545 | 英国 | 1) 吸气模态Ma=0~5,火箭模态Ma≥5。 2) 发动机起飞推力367 kN,海平面比冲2 000 s。 3) 适用于单级入轨飞行器HOTOL。 | 1) 采用液氢作为冷源;部分氢气驱动涡轮。 2)压气机入口温度冷却至高于露点温度,空气压气机压比约150。 3) 预冷器面临氢脆及结冰问题。 4) 吸气模态与火箭模态共用燃烧室和喷管。 |
| ATRDC | 俄罗斯 | 1) 吸气模态Ma=0~6,火箭模态Ma≥6。 2) 不带冲压通道,平均比冲2 500 s;在Ma≥2耦合冲压通道,平均比冲约4 000 s。 3) 推重比18~20。 | 1) 采用液氢冷却空气;部分氢气驱动涡轮。 2) 液氢冷却当量比约2.0。 3) 压气机入口温度98~112 K,空气压气机的压比20~40。 4) 预冷器约占整机质量40%。 5) 吸气式燃烧室和火箭燃烧室独立。 |
| KLIN | 美国 | 1) 吸气模态Ma=0~6,火箭模态Ma≥6。 2) 适用于SSTO或TSTO第1级。 3) 比冲比氢氧火箭发动机最大可提高60%。 4) 推重比33。 | 1) 火箭和深度预冷涡喷发动机热力耦合。 2) 在地面空气压气机入口常温空气被冷却至110 K,压气机压比约30;在Ma=6时被冷却至200~250 K。 3) 喷注液氧防止预冷器结冰。 |
表 5
SABRE⁃3热力参数方案
| 热力方案来源 | 循环特征 | 性能指标 |
|---|---|---|
| 英国REL公司[ | 1) Ma=5深冷空气压气机进口约120 K。 2) 空气压气机压比约140。 3) 火箭燃烧室与吸气模态燃烧室共用。 4) 高推重比。 | 1) Ma=5比冲1 634 s。 2) Ma=5单位推力约1.24 kN/(kg·s-1)。 |
| 北京动力机械研究所陈操斌等[ | 1) 基于现有部件技术水平。 2) 适度预冷,Ma=5空气压气机进口301 K。 | 1) Ma=5比冲1 359 s。 2) Ma=5单位推力1.14 kN/(kg·s-1)。 |
| 国防科技大学Zhang等[ | 1) 基于超临界氦再循环的改进SABRE-3方案。 | 1) Ma=4.86比冲约2 452 s。 |
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