Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 30848.doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2024.30848
• Reviews • Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:2024-06-20
Revised:2024-08-16
Accepted:2024-09-07
Online:2024-09-24
Published:2024-09-20
Contact:
Yiquan WU
E-mail:nuaaimage@163.com
Supported by:CLC Number:
Yiquan WU, Kang TONG. Research advances on deep learning-based small object detection in UAV aerial images[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(3): 30848.
Table 1
Classification of small object detection methods in UAV aerial images
| 方法分类 | 文献 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 判别性特征学习 | 基于RCNN与SSD系列改进的判别性特征学习 | RCNN系列 | [ |
| SSD系列 | [ | ||
| 基于YOLO系列改进的判别性特征学习 | YOLOv3 | [ | |
| YOLOv4 | [ | ||
| YOLOX | [ | ||
| YOLOv5n | [ | ||
| YOLOv5s | [ | ||
| YOLOv5系列 | [ | ||
| YOLOv7 | [ | ||
| YOLOv8 | [ | ||
| 基于CenterNet改进的判别性特征学习 | [ | ||
| 基于注意力机制的判别性特征学习 | [ | ||
| 基于特征细化、增强和融合的判别性特征学习 | [ | ||
| 超分辨率技术 | [ | ||
| 实时轻量化检测 | [ | ||
| 其他改进思路 | 切片辅助超推理 | [ | |
| 标签分配 | [ | ||
| 跨层操作 | [ | ||
| 其他 | [ | ||
Table 2
Improved discriminative feature learning based on YOLO series
| 方法分类 | 具体改进说明 | |
|---|---|---|
基于YOLO系列改进的判别性 特征学习 | YOLOv3 | 优化主干Darknet中的残差块,并在早期层增加卷积运算以丰富空间信息 |
| YOLOv4 | 在主干网络中添加注意力模块,多尺度聚合与校准特征,并设计新的检测头 | |
| YOLOX | 使用自适应特征融合、采用坐标注意力和通道空间注意力、增大网络输出特征图、优化目标的位置损失 | |
| YOLOv5n | 改进检测头、添加轻量通道注意力和自适应特征融合模块、采用增强的交并比损失函数训练模型 | |
| YOLOv5s | 使用压缩激励、双级路由以及混合域注意力,动态目标检测头、多尺度特征组件、自适应权重动态融合 | |
| YOLOv5 | 设计新空间金字塔池化组件、加权双向特征金字塔、特征增强模块、多头注意力组件和多尺度混合注意力 | |
| YOLOv7 | 预测头集成ConvMixer层、引入上下文Transformer模块、使用SIoU和EIoU损失函数训练模型 | |
| YOLOv8 | 引入轻量化特征提取和内容感知特征重组模块、上下文聚合模块、使用NWD损失函数对网络进行训练 | |
Table 3
Summary of deep learning methods for small object detection in UAV aerial images
| 方法分类 | 具体技术 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 判别性特征学习 | 基于RCNN与SSD进行改进 | 一定程度促进小目标的检测 | 效率和性能较低 |
| 优化YOLO系列的框架 | 兼具性能和效率 | 大多为模块组合型改进,原始创新较少 | |
| 基于CenterNet进行改进 | 关注目标中心点 | 错误的边界框将影响模型检测性能 | |
| 聚焦注意力机制的优化 | 能够一定程度聚焦小目标 | 聚焦区域的信息并非都利于小目标检测 | |
| 基于特征细化、增强和融合改进 | 能助力小目标的检测 | 模型效率有待提高 | |
| 超分辨率技术 | 主要使用GAN进行超分辨率处理 | 有效增强图像的细节信息 | GAN模型难以训练 |
| 实时轻量化检测 | 采用轻量化模型和策略 | 轻量化模型实现实时检测 | 检测精度有待进一步提升 |
| 其他改进思路 | 切片辅助超推理技术 | 可用于任意的目标检测器 | 具有较大的计算冗余 |
| 标签分配策略 | 为模型训练提供更多的监督信息 | 引入了大量的超参数 | |
| 跨层操作 | 实现小目标特征之间的信息交互 | 结构变得复杂 | |
| 其他 | 一定程度上利于小目标的检测 | 方法操作步骤较为繁琐 |
Table 4
Small object datasets of UAV aerial images
| 数据集 | 发表刊物或会议 | 图片数 | 实例数 | 类别数 | 图像尺寸 | 公开链接与否 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VisDrone2018 | ECCV Workshops | 8.599 K | 46.6 K | 10 | 是 | |
| VisDrone2019 | ICCV Workshops | 8.599 K | 46.6 K | 10 | 是 | |
| VisDrone2020 | ECCV Workshops | 10.209 K | 540 K | 10 | 是 | |
| VisDrone2021 | ICCV Workshops | 10.209 K | 540 K | 10 | 是 | |
| VisDrone2023 | ICCV Workshops | 10.209 K | 540 K | 10 | 是 | |
| CARPK | ICCV | 1.448 K | 89.8 K | 1 | 是 | |
| UAVDT | ECCV | 80 K | 841.5 K | 3 | 是 | |
| AU-AIR | ICRA | 32.823 K | 132 K | 8 | 是 | |
| BIRDSAI | WACV | 162 K | 270 K | 2 | 是 | |
| UVSD | Remote Sensing | 5.874 K | 98.6 K | 1 | 是 | |
| MOHR | Neurocomputing | 10.63 K | 90 K | 5 | 否 | |
| PeopleOnGrass | ICAR | 2.9 K | 13 713 | 1 | 是 | |
| SIRST | WACV | 427 | 480 | 1 | 是 | |
| DAC-SDC | IEEE TPAMI | 150 K | 95 | 是 | ||
| DroneVehicle | IEEE TCSVT | 56.878 K | 819 K | 5 | 是 | |
| SeaDronesSee | WACV | 54 K | 400 K | 6 | 是 | |
| RO-UAV | IEEE TIM | 6.534 K | 69 873 | 3 | 否 | |
| UNFSI | AIC | 5 705 | 1 | 否 | ||
| PVD | IEEE TIM | 1 581 | 2 721 | 2 | 否 |
Table 5
Comparison of detection results of top three algorithms in VisDrone Challenge from 2018 to 2021
| 挑战赛 | 方法 | AP/% | AP50/% | AP75/% | AR1/% | AR10/% | AR100/% | AR500/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VisDrone-DET2018 | HAL-RetinaNet | 31.88 | 46.18 | 32.12 | 0.97 | 7.50 | 34.43 | 90.63 |
| DPNet | 30.92 | 54.62 | 31.17 | 1.05 | 8.00 | 36.80 | 50.48 | |
| DE-FPN | 27.10 | 48.72 | 26.58 | 0.90 | 6.97 | 33.58 | 40.57 | |
| VisDrone-DET2019 | DPNet-ensemble | 29.62 | 54.00 | 28.70 | 0.58 | 3.69 | 17.10 | 42.37 |
| RRNet | 29.13 | 55.82 | 27.23 | 1.02 | 8.50 | 35.19 | 46.05 | |
| ACM-OD | 29.13 | 54.07 | 27.38 | 0.32 | 1.48 | 9.46 | 44.53 | |
| VisDrone-DET2020 | DroneEye2020 | 34.57 | 58.21 | 35.74 | 0.28 | 1.92 | 6.93 | 52.37 |
| TAUN | 34.54 | 59.42 | 34.97 | 0.14 | 0.72 | 12.81 | 49.80 | |
| CDNet | 34.19 | 57.52 | 35.13 | 0.80 | 8.12 | 39.39 | 52.62 | |
| VisDrone-DET2021 | DBNet | 39.43 | 65.34 | 41.07 | 0.29 | 2.03 | 12.13 | 55.36 |
| SOLOer | 39.42 | 63.91 | 40.87 | 1.75 | 10.94 | 44.69 | 55.91 | |
| Swin-T | 39.40 | 63.91 | 40.87 | 1.76 | 10.96 | 44.65 | 56.83 |
Table 6
Comparison of category AP results of top three algorithms in VisDrone Challenge from 2018 to 2020
| 年份 | 方法 | AP/% | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 行人 | 人 | 自行车 | 汽车 | 厢式货车 | 卡车 | 三轮车 | 遮阳三轮车 | 公共汽车 | 摩托车 | ||
| 2018 | HAL-RetinaNet | 46.18 | 44.34 | 42.24 | 39.63 | 36.27 | 32.12 | 26.87 | 20.88 | 16.01 | 14.24 |
| DPNet | 54.62 | 52.46 | 49.31 | 45.06 | 38.97 | 31.17 | 21.79 | 11.85 | 3.78 | 0.17 | |
| DE-FPN | 48.72 | 46.54 | 43.42 | 39.26 | 33.60 | 26.58 | 18.64 | 10.71 | 3.34 | 0.15 | |
| 2019 | DPNet-ensemble | 32.31 | 15.97 | 12.86 | 51.53 | 39.80 | 30.66 | 30.66 | 18.41 | 38.45 | 28.03 |
| RRNet | 30.44 | 14.85 | 13.72 | 51.43 | 36.14 | 35.22 | 28.02 | 19.00 | 44.20 | 25.85 | |
| ACM-OD | 30.75 | 15.50 | 10.26 | 52.69 | 38.93 | 33.19 | 26.96 | 21.88 | 41.39 | 24.91 | |
| 2020 | DroneEye2020 | 35.70 | 18.27 | 14.02 | 56.51 | 42.91 | 37.61 | 35.41 | 25.91 | 50.37 | 28.95 |
| TAUN | 34.98 | 19.05 | 17.23 | 54.62 | 41.71 | 38.67 | 35.10 | 26.53 | 48.49 | 29.06 | |
| CDNet | 35.64 | 19.15 | 13.84 | 55.77 | 42.12 | 38.22 | 32.97 | 25.42 | 49.49 | 29.28 | |
Table 7
Detection results of current popular algorithms on VisDrone 2019 dataset
| 方法 | AP/% | AP50/% | 参数 | FLOPs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSD | 5.7 | 10.9 | 26.3 M | 31.8 B |
| RetinaNet | 15.7 | 26.2 | 57 M | 273 B |
| CenterNet | 14.0 | 29.0 | ||
| Faster R-CNN | 20.6 | 36.3 | 134.7 M | 181.1 B |
| YOLOv3 | 27.9 | 45.4 | 61.9 M | 156.3 G |
| YOLOv5s | 23.6 | 39.4 | 7.2 M | 16.5 G |
| YOLOv5m | 26.2 | 42.9 | 21.2 M | 49 G |
| YOLOv5l | 27.5 | 44.6 | 46.5 M | 109.1 G |
| YOLOv6n | 18.5 | 31.5 | 4.7 M | 11.4 G |
| YOLOv7 | 34.5 | 37.3 M | 173 G | |
| YOLOv8s | 24.2 | 40.5 | 11.2 M | 28.8 G |
| YOLOv8m | 26.9 | 43.8 | 25.9 M | 79.3 G |
| YOLOv8l | 28.2 | 44.6 | 43.7 M | 165.7 G |
| YOLOv8x | 28.3 | 45.5 | 68.2 M | 258.5 G |
Table 8
Summary of applications of small object detection in UAV aerial images
| 应用分类 | 简要说明 | |
|---|---|---|
| 军事领域 | 军事情报侦察 | 无人机通过配备雷达和高分辨率相机,获取敌人位置和活动的情报数据,助力军事规划和决策 |
| 战场监视和评估 | 无人机通过绘制小目标区域地图,监视战场潜在风险。此外,无人机能捕获遭受军事打击影响地区的图像数据,以分析评估袭击的有效性 | |
| 军事目标捕获与验证 | 无人机航拍图像小目标检测助力军事小目标的识别和定位,并通过分析袭击前后目标的图像数据有效验证敌方目标在军事行动中是否被有效击中 | |
| 民用领域 | 智能交通治理 | 无人机航拍图像小目标检测通过捕获交通场景内的必要信息以辅助智能交通的治理,例如对小型车辆的检测与计数、对小尺度交通标志的准确识别等 |
| 基础设施检查和维护 | 无人机可以通过从不同角度航拍桥梁、管道、道路、建筑物、电力线、绝缘子、防震锤等高分辨率图像以实现对这些基础设施的检查和分析 | |
| 灾害防治 | 无人机航拍图像小目标检测可以从受灾地区(如地震、山体滑坡、洪水、火灾、恶劣天气等)的鸟瞰图中准确识别地面小目标,为灾害救援和管理提供帮助 | |
| 搜索和救援 | 无人机可用于快速搜索大面积和偏远地区的失踪人员或其他小目标,并对此开展救援工作 | |
| 农作物管理与分析 | 无人机可以捕获小型作物(如草莓、南瓜、苹果、玉米、柑橘)的信息,监控和分析农作物生长进程 | |
| 生态保护和监测 | 无人机航拍图像小目标检测能监测海上小型船只以及非法捕鱼活动。此外,它还可用于海洋垃圾与碎片检测、野生哺乳动物识别,从而为生态保护和监测提供有力支持 | |
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