基于反向散射的定位技术：原理与挑战及航空场景应用

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2025.32635

Abstract

Abstract:

Backscatter communication， an emerging technology in passive Internet of Things （IoT）， enables data transmission by modulating reflected ambient or dedicated radio frequency signals. It offers core advantages including ultra-low power consumption， low cost， easy deployment， and maintenance. In recent years， standards organizations such as 3GPP and CCSA have prioritized passive IoT development， with particular emphasis on advancing passive sensing and localization capabilities. Against this technical backdrop， backscatter technology has emerged as a critical solution for low-power positioning， leveraging its ultra-low power attributes in operational environments. This paper focuses specifically on backscatter positioning technology. We elucidate its low-power communication principles， trace its technical evolution， and provide a comprehensive review of prevalent localization algorithms alongside their latest research advances. Based on this foundation， the paper explores the critical technical challenges faced by this technology. Furthermore， significant application potential of backscatter localization within the aviation sector is highlighted， focusing on key scenarios such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle （UAV）-based material delivery and disaster search-and-rescue operations， as well as airline baggage tracking and ground vehicle positioning at civil aviation airports.

Key words: backscatter communication, Internet of Things, positioning technology, aviation scenarios, unmanned aerial vehicle, smart airport

CLC Number:

V279

Chenpeng ZHANG, Bo AI, Gongpu WANG, Ming LIU, Rongtao XU. Backscatter based localization technology: Principles, challenges and its aviation applications[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2026, 47(3): 632635.

Figures/Tables 20

Table 1

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Table 3

Fig.11

Fig.12

Fig.13

Fig.14

Fig.15

Fig.16

Fig.17

References 109

[1]	LIN J L， WANG G P， XU R T， et al. Versatile-modulation and megabit-rate backscatter system： Design， implementation， and experimental results［J］. IEEE Internet of Things Journal， 2024， 11（5）： 8240-8252.
[2]	CUI Z Q， WANG G P， LIU M， et al. Wavy signals and striped constellations for backscatter communications： Origins and solutions［J］. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications， 2024， 23（10）： 12815-12829.
[3]	CUI Z Q， WANG G P， GAO J， et al. Channel estimation for backscatter communication systems under circuit sensitivity constraint［J］. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology， 2024， 73（5）： 7441-7446.
[4]	LI C L， TANGHE E， PLETS D， et al. ReLoc： Hybrid RSSI- and phase-based relative UHF-RFID tag localization with COTS devices［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement， 2020， 69（10）： 8613-8627.
[5]	CUI Z Q， WANG G P， XU R T， et al. Backscatter communications for green Internet of Things： Practical prototypes， open challenges， and standardization［J］. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine， 2025， 8（3）： 32-39.
[6]	LI C Y， MO L F， ZHANG D K. Review on UHF RFID localization methods［J］. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification， 2019， 3（4）： 205-215.
[7]	TZITZIS A， RAPTOPOULOS CHATZISTEFANOU A， YIOULTSIS T V， et al. A real-time multi-antenna SAR-based method for 3D localization of RFID tags by a moving robot［J］. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification， 2021， 5（2）： 207-221.
[8]	KAMMEL C， KÖGEL T， GAREIS M， et al. A cost-efficient hybrid UHF RFID and odometry-based mobile robot self-localization technique with centimeter precision［J］. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification， 2022， 6： 467-480.
[9]	CHOWDHURY B D B， MASOUD S， SON Y J， et al. A dynamic HMM-based real-time location tracking system utilizing UHF passive RFID［J］. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification， 2021， 6： 41-53.
[10]	YANG B， ZHANG M. Credit-based multiple human location for passive binary pyroelectric infrared sensor tracking system： Free from region partition and classifier［J］. IEEE Sensors Journal， 2016， 17（1）： 37-45.
[11]	WARD A， JONES A， HOPPER A. A new location technique for the active office［J］. IEEE Personal Communications， 1997， 4（5）： 42-47.
[12]	CIURANA M， BARCELÓ F， CUGNO S. Indoor tracking in WLAN location with TOA measurements［C］∥Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Mobility Management and Wireless Access. New York： ACM， 2006： 121-125.
[13]	YAMASAKI R， OGINO A， TAMAKI T， et al. TDOA location system for IEEE 802.11b WLAN［C］∥IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference， 2005. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2005： 2338-2343.
[14]	MAKKI A， SIDDIG A， SAAD M， et al. Indoor localization using 802.11 time differences of arrival［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement， 2016， 65（3）： 614-623.
[15]	MILIORIS D， TZAGKARAKIS G， PAPAKONSTANTINOU A， et al. Low-dimensional signal-strength fingerprint-based positioning in wireless LANs［J］. Ad Hoc Networks， 2014， 12： 100-114.
[16]	SONG X D， FAN X C， HE X J， et al. CNNLoc： Deep-learning based indoor localization with WiFi fingerprinting［C］∥2019 IEEE SmartWorld， Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing， Advanced & Trusted Computing， Scalable Computing & Communications， Cloud & Big Data Computing， Internet of People and Smart City Innovation （SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI）. Piseataway： IEEE Press， 2019： 589-595.
[17]	QI H Y， SONG X， ZHANG Y Q， et al. Multi-scale sensing network for WIFI indoor localization［C］∥2023 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Communication Technology （ICCT）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 1087-1092.
[18]	RAHIMI AZGHADI S A， MIH A N， KAWNINE A， et al. An adaptive indoor localization approach using WiFi RSSI fingerprinting with SLAM-enabled robotic platform and deep neural networks［C］∥2024 34th International Conference on Collaborative Advances in Software and COmputiNg （CASCON）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2024： 1-10.
[19]	FU Q， LIU W， CHEN Y Z， et al. An attention auxiliary network-based method for WiFi fingerprint indoor localization［C］∥2024 9th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing （ICSP）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2024： 554-558.
[20]	GEZICI S， TIAN Z， GIANNAKIS G B， et al. Localization via ultra-wideband radios： A look at positioning aspects for future sensor networks［J］. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine， 2005， 22（4）： 70-84.
[21]	JOURDAN D B， DARDARI D， WIN M Z. Position error bound for UWB localization in dense cluttered environments［J］. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems， 2008， 44（2）： 613-628.
[22]	SUN B Y， XIA Y F， WANG X F， et al. A reliable and efficient UWB-based indoor localization scheme［C］∥ 2023 IEEE 15th International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology （ICAIT）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 186-191.
[23]	YANG F X， HE X， MO L F， et al. UWB-based two-way localization with unknown anchor position［J］. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters， 2025， 14（8）： 2331-2335.
[24]	LUO Z Q， LI W M， WU Y J， et al. Accurate indoor localization for bluetooth low energy backscatter［J］. IEEE Internet of Things Journal， 2025， 12（2）： 1805-1816.
[25]	ZHU D K， YAN J. A deep learning based bluetooth indoor localization algorithm by RSSI and AOA feature fusion［C］∥2022 International Conference on Computer， Information and Telecommunication Systems （CITS）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2022： 1-6.
[26]	HU S C， HE K， YANG X， et al. Bluetooth fingerprint based indoor localization using Bi-LSTM［C］∥2022 31st Wireless and Optical Communications Conference （WOCC）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2022： 161-165.
[27]	DIAZ J J M， DE A MAUÉS R， SOARES R B， et al. Bluepass： An indoor Bluetooth-based localization system for mobile applications［C］∥The IEEE symposium on Computers and Communications. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2010： 778-783.
[28]	FARAGHER R， HARLE R. Location fingerprinting with bluetooth low energy beacons［J］. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications， 2015， 33（11）： 2418-2428.
[29]	LIN J L， ZHANG X N， XU R T， et al. Harmonic long-range backscatter with frequency-shifted lightweight tag［C］∥2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference （VTC2024-Fall）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2024： 1-5.
[30]	崔子琦，王公仆，魏旭昇，等.反向散射通信的未来应用与技术挑战［J］.移动通信， 2021， 45（4）：29-36.
	CUI Z Q， WANG G P， WEI X S， et al. Future applications and technical challenges of backscatter communications［J］. Mobile Communications， 2021， 45（4）： 29-36 （in Chinese）.
[31]	BAE K， AHN N， CHAE Y， et al. OmniScatter： Extreme sensitivity mmWave backscattering using commodity FMCW radar［C］∥Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems， Applications and Services， 2022.
[32]	BAE K M， MOON H， SOHN S M， et al. Hawkeye： Hectometer-range subcentimeter localization for large-scale mmWave backscatter［C］∥Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems， Applications and Services. New York： ACM， 2023： 303-316.
[33]	LYNCH C A， ADEYEYE A O， HESTER J G D， et al. When a single chip becomes the RFID reader： An ultra-low-cost 60 GHz reader and mmID system for ultra-accurate 2D microlocalization［C］∥2021 IEEE International Conference on RFID （RFID）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2021： 1-8.
[34]	SOLTANAGHAEI E， PRABHAKARA A， BALANUTA A， et al. Millimetro： mmWave retro-reflective tags for accurate， long range localization［C］∥Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. New York： ACM， 2021： 69-82.
[35]	喻思琪，张小红，郭斐，等. 卫星导航进近技术进展［J］. 航空学报， 2019， 40（3）： 022200.
	YU S Q， ZHANG X H， GUO F， et al. Recent advances in precision approach based on GNSS［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2019， 40（3）： 022200 （in Chinese）.
[36]	李坤，布树辉，李佳朋，等. 基于单目视觉与测距信息的无人机集群定位方法［J］. 航空学报， 2025， 46（11）： 531281.
	LI K， BU S H， LI J M， et al. UAV swarm positioning method based on monocular vision and ranging information［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronauti-ca Sinica， 2025， 46（11）： 531281 （in Chinese）.
[37]	屈若锟，王致远，刘晔璐，等. 面向城市空中交通的无人机视觉定位技术［J］. 航空学报， 2025， 46（11）： 531168.
	QU R K， WANG Z Y， LIU Y L， et al. UAV visual positioning technology for urban air mobility［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2025， 46（11）： 531168 （in Chinese）.
[38]	LAM M， DODDS L， EID A， et al. 6D self-localization of drones using a single millimeter-wave backscatter anchor［C］∥IEEE INFOCOM 2025 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2025： 1-10.
[39]	SHIRANE A， FANG Y M， TAN H W， et al. RF-powered transceiver with an energy- and spectral-efficient IF-based quadrature backscattering transmitter［J］. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits， 2015， 50（12）： 2975-2987.
[40]	LIUBAVIN K D， ERMAKOV I V， LOSEVSKOY A Y， et al. Low-power digital part design for a LF RFID tag in a double-poly 180 nm CMOS process［C］∥2021 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering （ElConRus）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2021： 150-153.
[41]	HOU B X， WANG J L. LoBaCa： Super-resolution LoRa backscatter localization for low-cost tags［C］∥IEEE INFOCOM 2024-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2024： 1081-1090.
[42]	ZHANG S K， WANG W， TANG S Y， et al. Robot-assisted backscatter localization for IoT applications［J］. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications， 2020， 19（9）： 5807-5818.
[43]	SADHUKHAN P， DAHAL K， DAS P K. A novel weighted fusion based efficient clustering for improved Wi-Fi fingerprint indoor positioning［J］. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications， 2023， 22（7）： 4461-4474.
[44]	LAZARO A， LAZARO M， VILLARINO R. Room-level localization system based on LoRa backscatters［J］. IEEE Access， 2021， 9： 16004-16018.
[45]	YANG T， CABANI A， CHAFOUK H. A survey of recent indoor localization scenarios and methodologies［J］. Sensors， 2021， 21（23）： 8086.
[46]	HIGHTOWER J， WANT R， BORRIELLO G. SpotON： An indoor 3D location sensing technology based on RF signal strength： UW CSE00-02-02［R］. Washington，D.C.： Univ evsity Washington， 2000.
[47]	BOUET M， DOS SANTOS A L. RFID tags： Positioning principles and localization techniques［C］∥2008 1st IFIP Wireless Days. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2008： 1-5.
[48]	WEI Z， CHEN J L， TANG H， et al. RSSI-based location fingerprint method for RFID indoor positioning： A review［J］. Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation， 2024， 39（1）： 3-31.
[49]	何兵兵，苏勋文，张桐林，等. 基于RSSI的修正补偿三边定位算法设计与仿真［J］. 农业工程， 2024， 14（7）： 85-93.
	HE B B， SU X W， ZHANG T L， et al. Design and simulation of correction compensation trilateral positioning algorithm based on RSSI［J］. Agricultural Engineering， 2024， 14（7）： 85-93 （in Chinese）.
[50]	LIU Y J， CAI M. A trilateral centroid localization and modification algorithm for wireless sensor network［M］∥Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Networks. Cham： Springer International Publishing， 2015： 97-105.
[51]	ZHANG A， YE X， HU H. Point in triangle testing based trilateration localization algorithm in wireless sensor networks［J］. KSII Transactions on Internet and Informa-tion Systems （TIIS）， 2012， 6（10）： 2567-2586.
[52]	YAN X Z， LUO Q H， WANG Y， et al. IT-QEAS： An improved trilateration localization method through quality evaluation and adaptvie optimization selection strategy［C］∥2017 Prognostics and System Health Management Conference （PHM-Harbin）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2017： 1-6.
[53]	MA H S， WANG Y， WANG K S， et al. The optimization for hyperbolic positioning of UHF passive RFID tags［J］. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering， 2017， 14（4）： 1590-1600.
[54]	SCHMIDT R. Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation［J］. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation， 1986， 34（3）： 276-280.
[55]	LIU T C， LIU Y H， YANG L， et al. BackPos： High accuracy backscatter positioning system［J］. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing， 2015， 15（3）： 586-598.
[56]	XUE F F， ZHAO J M， LI D A. Precise localization of RFID tags using hyperbolic and hologram composite localization algorithm［J］. Computer Communications， 2020， 157： 451-460.
[57]	TRIPICCHIO P， UNETTI M， D’AVELLA S， et al. A synthetic aperture UHF RFID localization method by phase unwrapping and hyperbolic intersection［J］. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering， 2022， 19（2）： 933-945.
[58]	WU H B， TAO B， GONG Z Y， et al. A fast UHF RFID localization method using unwrapped phase-position model［J］. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering， 2019， 16（4）： 1698-1707.
[59]	CHENG C H， LIU M， XIONG K. A dual-RFID-tag based indoor localization method with multiple apertures［C］∥IEEE INFOCOM 2022-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops （INFOCOM WKSHPS）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2022： 1-2.
[60]	QI Y， LUO P， XU C， et al. Target localization in industrial environment based on TOA ranging［C］∥2019 28th Wireless and Optical Communications Conference （WOCC）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2019： 1-5.
[61]	YOON J， KIM J W， LEE W Y， et al. A TDoA-based localization using precise time-synchronization［C］∥2012 14th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology （ICACT）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2012： 1266-1271.
[62]	KAUNE R. Accuracy studies for TDOA and TOA localization［C］∥2012 15th International Conference on Information Fusion. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2012： 408-415.
[63]	YUAN J， WANG X G， DONG L， et al. ISILON-An intelligent system for indoor localization and navigation based on RFID and ultrasonic techniques［C］∥2010 8th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2010： 6625-6630.
[64]	QIAO T Z， ZHANG Y， LIU H P. Nonlinear expectation maximization estimator for TDOA localization［J］. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters， 2014， 3（6）： 637-640.
[65]	FANG B T. Simple solutions for hyperbolic and related position fixes［J］. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems， 1990， 26（5）： 748-753.
[66]	OKELLO N， FLETCHER F， MUSICKI D， et al. Comparison of recursive algorithms for emitter localisation using TDOA measurements from a pair of UAVs［J］. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems， 2011， 47（3）： 1723-1732.
[67]	CHAN Y T， HO K C. A simple and efficient estimator for hyperbolic location［J］. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing， 1994， 42（8）： 1905-1915.
[68]	XU J R， LI Z， ZHANG K， et al. The principle， methods and recent progress in RFID positioning techniques： A review［J］. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification， 2023， 7： 50-63.
[69]	ZHAO Y， SMITH J R. A battery-free RFID-based indoor acoustic localization platform［C］∥2013 IEEE International Conference on RFID （RFID）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2013： 110-117.
[70]	MA Y T， PAHLAVAN K， GENG Y S. Comparative behavioral modeling of POA and TOA ranging for location-awareness using RFID［J］. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks， 2016， 23（3）： 187-198.
[71]	ZOU Z， DENG T， ZOU Q， et al. Energy detection receiver with TOA estimation enabling positioning in passive UWB-RFID system［C］∥2010 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2010： 1-4.
[72]	AI Z J， LIU Y. Research on the TDOA measurement of active RFID real time location system［C］∥2010 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2010： 410-412.
[73]	HE C， WU P， HAN L Y. Time of arrival estimation for backscatter UWB［J］. IEEE Signal Processing Letters， 2024， 31： 1124-1128.
[74]	ZHOU Y， LAW C L， GUAN Y L， et al. Localization of passive target based on UWB backscattering range measurement［C］∥2009 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2009： 145-149.
[75]	NI L M， LIU Y H， LAU Y C， et al. LANDMARC： Indoor location sensing using active RFID［C］∥Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications， 2003. （PerCom 2003）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2003： 407-415.
[76]	HAN K， CHO S H. Advanced LANDMARC with adaptive k-nearest algorithm for RFID location system［C］∥2010 2nd IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2010： 595-598.
[77]	HU B， PENG H J， SUN Z X. LANDMARC localization algorithm based on weight optimization［J］. Chinese Journal of Electronics， 2018， 27（6）： 1291-1296.
[78]	ZHAO Y Y， LIU Y H， NI L M. VIRE： Active RFID-based localization using virtual reference elimination［C］∥2007 International Conference on Parallel Processing （ICPP 2007）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2007： 56.
[79]	BAHAALDIN N， ERÇELEBİ E. BVIRE improved algorithm for indoor localization based on RFID and a linear regression model［J］. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences， 2018， 26（6）： 2944-2958.
[80]	LI W F， WU J， WANG D. A novel indoor positioning method based on key reference RFID tags［C］∥2009 IEEE Youth Conference on Information， Computing and Telecommunication. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2009： 42-45.
[81]	ZHAO Y， LIU K H， MA Y T， et al. Similarity analysis-based indoor localization algorithm with backscatter information of passive UHF RFID tags［J］. IEEE Sensors Journal， 2016， 17（1）： 185-193.
[82]	MO L F， LI C Y. Passive UHF-RFID localization based on the similarity measurement of virtual reference tags［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement， 2018， 68（8）： 2926-2933.
[83]	YAMANO K， TANAKA K， HIRAYAMA M， et al. Self-localization of mobile robots with RFID system by using support vector machine［C］∥2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems （IROS）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2004： 3756-3761.
[84]	BERZ E L， TESCH D A， HESSEL F P. RFID indoor localization based on support vector regression and k-means［C］∥2015 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics （ISIE）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2015： 1418-1423.
[85]	PENG C， JIANG H， QU L D. Deep convolutional neural network for passive RFID tag localization via joint RSSI and PDOA fingerprint features［J］. IEEE Access， 2021， 9： 15441-15451.
[86]	BELHADI Z， FERGANI L. Fingerprinting methods for RFID tag indoor localization［C］∥2014 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems （ICMCS）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2014： 717-722.
[87]	TIAN C L， LIU H K， SHEN X， et al. A synthetic aperture scheme for integrated localization and navigation in passive IoT［J］. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications， 2024， 23（12）： 18271-18285.
[88]	MOTRONI A， BANDINI G， BUFFI A， et al. Investigation of phase offset calibration for SAR-based RFID localization in harsh environments［C］∥2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on RFID Technology and Applications （RFID-TA）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 138-141.
[89]	MOTRONI A， BERNARDINI F， BUFFI A， et al. A UHF-RFID multi-antenna sensor fusion enables item and robot localization［J］. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification， 2022， 6： 456-466.
[90]	TZITZIS A， MEGALOU S， SIACHALOU S， et al. Localization of RFID tags by a moving robot， via phase unwrapping and non-linear optimization［J］. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification， 2019， 3（4）： 216-226.
[91]	GAREIS M， PARR A， TRABERT J， et al. Stocktaking robots， automatic inventory， and 3D product maps： The smart warehouse enabled by UHF-RFID synthetic aperture localization techniques［J］. IEEE Microwave Magazine， 2021， 22（3）： 57-68.
[92]	LIANG X X， HUANG Z Q， YANG S Q， et al. E3DinSAR： 3-D localization of RFID-tagged objects based on interference synthetic apertures［J］. IEEE Internet of Things Journal， 2020， 7（12）： 11656-11666.
[93]	BUFFI A， MOTRONI A， NEPA P， et al. A SAR-based measurement method for passive-tag positioning with a flying UHF-RFID reader［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement， 2019， 68（3）： 845-853.
[94]	BERNARDINI F， MOTRONI A， BUFFI A， et al. Retail robots with UHF-RFID moving antennas enabling 3D localization［C］∥2022 IEEE 12th International Conference on RFID Technology and Applications （RFID-TA）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2022： 1-4.
[95]	CECCHI G， MONTRONI A， BUFFI A， et al. The MONITOR robot with UHF-RFID rotating antennas enhancing indoor tag localization［C］∥2023 8th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies （SpliTech）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 1-6.
[96]	MOTRONI A， RIA A， CECCHI G， et al. Robot-based UHF-RFID joint SAR localization and tag sensing［C］∥2023 8th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies （SpliTech）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 1-4.
[97]	SHEN C K， XIONG H Q， WANG X， et al. A fast self-jamming cancellation architecture and algorithm for passive RFID sensor system［J］. IEEE Communications Letters， 2021， 25（6）： 2009-2013.
[98]	MATSUURA M， ISHIKURO H. A reader system with single-step self-jamming cancellation for 0.86 mm² passive RFID tags with an on-chip antenna［C］∥2023 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference （APMC）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 202-204.
[99]	ZHANG Y L， REN J J， CHEN W D. A ToA-based location algorithm reducing the NLoS error under location-aware networks［C］∥2011 7th International Conference on Wireless Communications， Networking and Mobile Computing. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2011： 1-4.
[100]	EXEL R， BIGLER T. ToA ranging using subsample peak estimation and equalizer-based multipath reduction［C］∥2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference （WCNC）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2014： 2964-2969.
[101]	WONG S F， NI X. Signal propagation model calibration under metal noise factor for indoor localization by using RFID［C］∥2014 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2014： 978-982.
[102]	YOKOI T. Indoor location estimation of electromagnetically shielded chassis utilizing RSSI fingerprint pattern matching［C］∥2023 IEEE/ION Position， Location and Navigation Symposium （PLANS）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 1066-1073.
[103]	ZHANG Y J， DU C Y， LUO Y， et al. Hybrid TOA/AOA indoor positioning based on sparse reconstruction and map matching［C］∥2023 IEEE 98th Vehicular Technology Conference （VTC2023-Fall）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 1-6.
[104]	MA X Y， CHEN S L， WANG Q L， et al. An active LF RFID positioning method against metal interference［C］∥2023 IEEE 6th Information Technology， Networking， Electronic and Automation Control Conference （ITNEC）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 1488-1494.
[105]	SHARP I， YU K G， GUO Y J. GDOP analysis for positioning system design［J］. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology， 2009， 58（7）： 3371-3382.
[106]	LONG Y F， XU R T， HU J C， et al. Zero correlation zone codes based multiple access for ambient backscatter communications［C］∥2024 IEEE 24th International Conference on Communication Technology （ICCT）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2024： 1136-1140.
[107]	DING Y， LIHAKANGA R， CORREIA R， et al. Harmonic suppression in frequency shifted backscatter communications［J］. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society， 2020， 1： 990-999.
[108]	PARTAL H P， BELEN M A， PARTAL S Z. Design and realization of an ultra-low power sensing RF energy harvesting module with its RF and DC sub-components［J］. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering， 2019， 29（1）： e21622.
[109]	KOTANI K， SASAKI A， ITO T. High-efficiency differential-drive CMOS rectifier for UHF RFIDs［J］. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits， 2009， 44（11）： 3011-3018.

系统	优点	缺点
红外	高精度	易被遮挡
WLAN	易于大规模推广	功耗高
UWB	高精度、抗干扰	成本高
蓝牙	低成本、低功耗	传输距离短
反向散射	极低成本、极低功耗	易受干扰

定位算法	成本	精度	复杂度	抗干扰能力
RSSI	低	低	低	差
ToA/TDoA	高	高	高	好
AoA	低	中	低	差
指纹	中	中	中	好
SAR	高	高	高	好

技术挑战分类	关键技术挑战
通信链路性能挑战	同频自干扰抑制
	多径干扰抑制
	环境动态干扰自适应抑制
多用户与资源管理挑战	低复杂度多址接入算法
	频谱效率与波形设计优化
	能量高效采集、存储与利用

Backscatter based localization technology: Principles, challenges and its aviation applications

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 20

References 109

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Lei ZHANG, Can TIAN, Fangqing WEN, Qinghe ZHANG, Han LIU. Multi-objective evolution with deep deterministic strategy gradient algorithm for mobile edge networks [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2026, 47(3): 631880-631880.
[2]	Haoyu WANG, Zexu ZHANG, Shan WEN, Jinlong LIU, Beixiao ZHU, Weimin BAO. Task allocation algorithm for UAV swarm based on temporal coupling analysis [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2026, 47(2): 332075-332075.
[3]	Pan ZHOU, Ni LI, Jiangtao HUANG, Qinglin YANG, Yunxiao LIAN. Autonomous decision-making in close-range game under imperfect information for unmanned aerial vehicles [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(S1): 732215-732215.
[4]	Rongzu LI, Li LIU, Dun YANG. Optimal design of hydrogen-powered UAV based on multi-source domain fusion surrogate model [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(9): 630979-630979.
[5]	Fujie WU, Bowen WANG, Jingya QI, Mingzhi CAO, Yingjun SANG, Sheng LI, Yuzhen ZHANG, Qian CHEN, Chao ZUO. A review of airborne multi-aperture panoramic image compositing [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(3): 630505-630505.
[6]	Yiquan WU, Kang TONG. Research advances on deep learning-based small object detection in UAV aerial images [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(3): 30848-030848.
[7]	Guocheng YAN, Honglun WANG, Yanxiang WANG, Yuebin LUN, Junfan ZHU. Prescribed performance anti-swing control for wing rotation process of UAV towed aerial recovery [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(24): 331840-331840.
[8]	Wei HUANG, Jiahao PAN, Chu HE. Wavelet time-frequency localization-based model compression for UAV object detection [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(23): 631952-631952.
[9]	Anping ZHANG, Hao DONG. UAV swarms and their takeoff method for high-end warfare [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(22): 331034-331034.
[10]	Yahang SONG, Xin ZHANG, Zhiming MA, Zhengyu ZUO. Airfoil gust alleviation using a plasma actuator in low-speed wind tunnel test [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(22): 131975-131975.
[11]	Yicheng SONG, Ruiyun QI, Bin JIANG. Distributed topology reconstruction of UAV formation network under communication fault [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(22): 331914-331914.
[12]	Jiang ZHAO, Minghao PI, Bailing TIAN, Pei CHI, Yingxun WANG. Self-organized consensus decision-making method for swarm UAV tracking multiple targets [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(16): 331635-331635.
[13]	Fang LIU, Chenyang LU, Yan LU, Xin WANG. Adaptive template update-based Transformer algorithm for UAV target tracking [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(16): 331687-331687.
[14]	Zhibing ZHANG, Ziyang ZHEN. Research progress on guidance and control of fixed-wing manned and unmanned carrier-based aircraft landing [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(13): 532336-532336.
[15]	Haijun ZHANG, Qingyue XIA, Xu MA, Chao REN, Yang LU. A review of unmanned aerial vehicles deployment optimization in 6G low-altitude communication scenarios [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(11): 531296-531296.