收稿日期:2024-06-28
修回日期:2024-07-29
接受日期:2024-10-18
出版日期:2024-10-30
发布日期:2024-10-29
通讯作者:
包丹文
E-mail:baodanwen@nuaa.edu.cn
基金资助:
Juntong WANG, Danwen BAO(
), Jiayi ZHOU, Jingxuan SHANG, Ziqian ZHANG
Received:2024-06-28
Revised:2024-07-29
Accepted:2024-10-18
Online:2024-10-30
Published:2024-10-29
Contact:
Danwen BAO
E-mail:baodanwen@nuaa.edu.cn
Supported by:摘要:
随着中国低空经济的快速发展和“十四五”综合交通运输体系的规划需要,未来低空运输将逐步成为一种重要的交通运输方式。然而,目前中国低空空域尚未完全开放,与之密切相关的空域规划和航迹规划研究还处于起步阶段,难以满足快速发展的低空需求。因此,必须根据低空空域特点建立科学完善的低空空域规划和航迹规划方法理论体系。首先针对低空空域基本特征,对国内外低空空域规划限制因素、空域划设和航迹规划等研究进行系统性归纳和分析,总结评述了现有低空空域规划和航迹规划方面的研究成果和诸多不足,揭示了相关研究的共性问题所在。其次,结合中国低空发展现状,分析了采用块状或管道空域划设方法的可能性,并提出了由航迹到航迹簇再到航迹网络的发展路线和加速技术融合进行空域基础设施创新的发展思路。最后,提出了未来低空空域规划和航迹规划需关注的重点内容:一是考虑环境和社会因素为核心进行空域规划;二是探索空域划设分阶段、复合型划设策略和特殊区域规划方法;三是针对多样化运行场景,设计航迹规划泛用快速算法。
中图分类号:
王俊潼, 包丹文, 周佳怡, 尚静萱, 张孜芊. 低空空域规划研究现状与展望[J]. 航空学报, 2025, 46(11): 530879.
Juntong WANG, Danwen BAO, Jiayi ZHOU, Jingxuan SHANG, Ziqian ZHANG. Low-altitude airspace planning: A review and prospect[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(11): 530879.
表 1
5种空域划设类型优缺点对比
| 空域类型 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|
| 管道空域 | 结构紧密,划设难度较低安全性高, 后续管理成本低 | 空域容量受限,空域拥堵风险较高,飞行约束较多 |
| 走廊空域 | 鲁棒性较高,运行性能较好, 飞行约束较少 | 走廊中心线和宽度设置难度大,不太适合于不规则的空域条件 |
| 层级空域 | 结构规范,能有效实现航空器垂直分离, 各层空域有明确的使用要求和规则 | 层间距合理设置难度较大,不同地区、不同空域条件设置标准难以统一 |
| 块状空域 | 空域结构能匹配地面城市发展情况, 每块空域包含的服务对象和运行场景清晰 | 航空器垂直分离风险较高,对环境问题和隐私问题解决效果不佳 |
| 自由空域 | 鲁棒性强,空域容量大, 飞行约束极少,空域自由度高 | 航空器碰撞风险高,后续管理成本高,对空域系统相关技术要求和管理要求高 |
表 2
5种空域划设类型特征对比
| 空域构型 | 管道空域 | 层级空域 | 走廊空域 | 块状空域 | 自由空域 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 基本构型 | 若干立体固定管道形成 立体棋盘状结构 | 若干不同高度范围、 不同功能的空域层 | 不同高度层分布一定 性能空域体或结构 | 若干不同种类/等级 的空域块 | 无结构 |
| 限制因素考虑 | 安全,设施 | 安全,设施 | 安全,设施(不全面), 环境(少) | 安全,设施,环境(少), 社会(少) | 安全,设施 |
| 自由度对比[ | 4-自由度限制 | 1-自由度限制 | 3-自由度限制 | 2-自由度限制 | 0-自由度 限制 |
| 里程碑 | 立体棋盘式、航道式/ 虚拟立体式 | 300~6 500 ft层级空域 | UAM走廊概念 | X、Y、Z块状空域 | 研究较 少,暂无 |
| 空域容量 | 最小 | 较小 | 中等 | 较大 | 最大 |
| 安全性 | 最高 | 较高 | 中等 | 较低 | 最低 |
| 工程实际可用性 | 易 | 较易 | 中等 | 中等 | 难 |
表 3
航迹规划研究重要文献总结
| 规划方法 | 作者 | 年份 | 算法 | 目标函数/目标 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 基于构型空间原理 | Sun等[ | 2017 | 改进人工势场法(新斥力函数) | 航迹平滑与避障 |
| 王庆禄等[ | 2024 | 改进人工势场法(斥力分解) | 有效避障 | |
| Luo等[ | 2022 | 三维JPS算法 | 动静态障碍物避障 | |
| 张洪海等[ | 2022 | 改进A*算法 | 风险、噪声和运输成本代价最小 | |
| 基于合作与非合作原理 | Bertram和Wei[ | 2020 | FastMDP算法 | 高密度动态避障 |
| Cui和Wang[ | 2021 | 双层Q-learning算法 | 动静态障碍物避障 | |
| Yu等[ | 2022 | 改进元胞蚁群算法 | 航迹长度与安全威胁最小 | |
| Tu和Juang[ | 2023 | 改进Q-learning算法 | 动静态障碍物避障 | |
| 解瑞云和海本斋[ | 2024 | 多策略鼠群优化算法 | 航迹长度、高度和转弯角成本最小 |
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