Fig.1

Configuration of square parachute

Fig.2

Three-dimensional ANCF cable element

Fig.3

Three-dimensional ANCF membrane element

Fig.4

Supporting region of Particle i

Fig.5

Initial state of fluid-solid coupled simulation of parachute

Fig.6

Collision of a membrane element and a particle

Table 1

Parameters of parachute

Fig.7

Variation of parachute configuration （different colors represent Z coordinates of the canopy）

Fig.8

Variation of configuration of parachute canopy （different colors represent Z coordinates of the canopy）

Fig.9

Variation of the effective projected area

Fig.10

Global coordinates of Point N

Fig.11

Z coordinates of the corners of the parachute canopy

Fig.12

Tensile force of the cables

Fig.13

Distances between the endpoints of the cables and the canopy

Fig.14

Velocities of particles （t=0.2 s， XZ plane）

Fig.15

Velocities of particles （t=0.2 s， YZ plane）

Fig.16

Z coordinate of Point N for different velocity

Fig.17

Effective projected area for different velocity

Fig.18

Tensile force of the OA for different velocity

Fig.19

Distances between the endpoints of the cable OA and the canopy for different velocity

Fig.20

Velocities of particles （t=0.2 s， v=20 m /s）

Fig.21

Velocities of particles （t=0.2 s， v=30 m /s）

Fig.22

Z coordinate of Point N for different thickness

Fig.23

Effective projected area for different thickness

Fig.24

Tensile force of the OA for different thickness

Fig.25

Distances between the endpoints of the cable OA and the canopy for different thickness

Fig.26

Z coordinate of Point N for different porosity model

Fig.27

Effective projected area for different porosity model

Fig.28

Tensile force of the OA for different porosity model

Fig.29

Distances between the endpoints of the cable OA and the canopy for different porosity model