一种基于水滴收集量代理模型的结冰试飞空域确定方法

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.27697

Abstract

Abstract:

In response to the problem that the icing index used in natural icing test flight area determination can only provide the icing probability and icing level， a new method is proposed. By sampling the continuous maximum icing conditions in Appendix C of Federal Aviation Regulations （FAR） Part 25， the air flow field and water droplet impingement characteristics were solved to obtain the water droplet collection amount for the sampling points. The surrogated model of the water droplet collection amount was constructed based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition （POD） and Kriging. The weather simulation of the target area was performed using WRF （Weather Research and Forecasting） to obtain the temperature and the liquid water content. The water droplet collection amount over the target area was predicted with the surrogated model and the target area was divided by the moderate icing intensity. The results show that： the surrogated model can predict the effects of temperature， liquid water content， median volume diameter， height and flight speed on water droplet collection amount correctly； the temperature and the liquid water content of the target area obtained by WRF are in good agreement with the observed values； the surrogated model can quickly obtain the distribution of the water droplet collection amount over the target area and its variation with time； the suitable natural icing test flight area and the icing rate are determined. The growth of the flight speed makes the water droplet collection amount increase and causes the variation of the icing test flight area. This paper has some reference significance for the determination of the icing test flights area.

Key words: icing test flight, water droplet collection amount, surrogate model, weather forecasting, aircraft icing, Werther Research and Forecasting (WRF)

CLC Number:

Junjie NIU, Weimin SANG, Dong LI, Lian HAO, Zelin WANG. Icing test flight area determination method based on surrogated model of water droplet collection[J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(1): 627697-627697.

Figures/Tables 30

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 1

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Table 2

Fig. 9

Table 3

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Table 4

Fig. 14

Fig. 15

Fig. 16

Fig. 17

Fig. 18

Fig. 19

Table 5

Fig. 20

Fig. 21

Fig. 22

Table 6

Fig. 23

Fig. 24

References 31

1	SMITH W L. Weather problems peculiar to the New York-Chicago airway［J］. Monthly Weather Review， 1929， 57（12）： 503-506.
2	李浩然，段玉宇，张宇飞，等. 结冰模拟软件AERO-ICE中的关键数值方法［J］. 航空学报， 2021， 42（S1）： 726371.
	LI H R， DUAN Y Y， ZHANG Y F， et al. Numerical method of ice-accretion software AERO-ICE［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2021， 42（S1）： 726371 （in Chinese）.
3	WU Q， XU H J， PEI B B， et al. Conceptual design and preliminary experiment of icing risk management and protection system［J］. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics， 2022， 35（6）： 101-115.
4	林贵平，卜雪琴，申晓斌，等．飞机结冰与防冰技术［M］．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2016： 164-168.
	LIN G P， BU X Q， SHEN X B， et al. Aircraft icing and anti-icing technology［M］. Beijing： Beihang University Press， 2016： 164-168 （in Chinese）.
5	朱春玲，朱程香．飞机结冰及其防护［M］. 北京：科学出版社，2016.
	ZHU C L， ZHU C X. Aircraft icing and its protection［M］. Beijing： Science Press， 2016 （in Chinese）.
6	彭锦峰，吴东润，崔为运，等. 3D打印夹芯复合材料模拟冰型设计与分析［J］. 航空学报， 2021， 42（9）： 224536.
	PENG J F， WU D R， CUI W Y， et al. Design and analysis of simulated ice with 3D printed sandwich composite material［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2021， 42（9）： 224536 （in Chinese）.
7	刘旭华. 飞机结冰适航验证和试飞技术［C］∥第十六届中国航空测控技术年会论文集. 北京：测控技术杂志社， 2019： 32-34.
	LIU X H. Technology of airworthiness certification and flight test for aircraft icing［C］∥ The 16th China Aviation Measurement and Control Technology Annual Conference. Beijing：Editorial Office of Measurement and Control Technology Magazine， 2019： 32-34 （in Chinese）.
8	李勤红，乔建军，陈增江. Y7-200A飞机自然结冰飞行试验［J］. 飞行力学， 1999， 17（2）： 64-69.
	LI Q H， QIAO J J， CHEN Z J. Natural icing flight test for Y7-200A aircraft［J］. Flight Dynamics， 1999， 17（2）： 64-69 （in Chinese）.
9	王泽林，倪洪波，裴昌春. 我国干旱地区一次直升机自然结冰试飞天气个例分析［J］. 沙漠与绿洲气象， 2020， 14（2）： 68-74.
	WANG Z L， NI H B， PEI C C. A case study of helicopter natural icing flight test in arid areas of China［J］. Desert and Oasis Meteorology， 2020， 14（2）： 68-74 （in Chinese）.
10	李佰平，戴建华，孙敏，等. 一种改进的飞机自然结冰潜势算法研究［J］. 气象， 2018， 44（11）： 1377-1390.
	LI B P， DAI J H， SUN M， et al. An improved aircraft natural icing potential algorithm［J］. Meteorological Monthly， 2018， 44（11）： 1377-1390 （in Chinese）.
11	SCHULTZ P， POLITOVICH M K. Toward the improvement of aircraft-icing forecasts for the continental United States［J］. Weather and Forecasting， 1992， 7（3）： 491-500.
12	BELO-PEREIRA M. Comparison of in-flight aircraft icing algorithms based on ECMWF forecasts［J］. Meteorological Applications， 2015， 22（4）： 705-715.
13	POLITOVICH M G， SAND W R ．A proposed icing severity index based upon meteorology［C］∥4th International Conference on Aviation Weather Systems. Paris：Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society， 1991： 157-162.
14	THOMPSON G， BRUINTJES R T， BROWN B G， et al. Intercomparison of in-flight icing algorithms. Part I： WISP94 real-time icing prediction and evaluation program［J］. Weather and Forecasting， 1997， 12（4）： 878-889.
15	THOMPSON G， BULLOCK R， LEE T F. Using satellite data to reduce spatial extent of diagnosed icing［J］. Weather and Forecasting， 1997， 12（1）： 185-190.
16	BERNSTEIN B C， MCDONOUGH F， POLITOVICH M K， et al. Current icing potential： Algorithm description and comparison with aircraft observations［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology， 2005， 44（7）： 969-986.
17	MENTER F R. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications［J］. AIAA Journal， 1994， 32（8）： 1598-1605.
18	易贤. 飞机积冰的数值计算与积冰试验相似准则研究［D］. 绵阳：中国空气动力研究与发展中心， 2007： 56-57.
	YI X. Numerical computation of aircraft icing and study on icing test scaling law［D］. Mianyang： Aerodynamics Research and Development Center， 2007： 56-57 （in Chinese）.
19	胡剑平，刘振侠，张丽芬. 霜状冰结冰数值模拟研究［J］. 航空计算技术， 2011， 41（6）： 8-11， 15.
	HU J P， LIU Z X， ZHANG L F. Numerical simulation of 3D rime ice［J］. Aeronautical Computing Technique， 2011， 41（6）： 8-11， 15 （in Chinese）.
20	BERKOOZ G， HOLMES P， LUMLEY J L. The proper orthogonal decomposition in the analysis of turbulent flows［J］. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics， 1993， 25： 539-575.
21	CAZEMIER W， VERSTAPPEN R W C P， VELDMAN A E P. Proper orthogonal decomposition and low-dimensional models for driven cavity flows［J］. Physics of Fluids， 1998， 10（7）： 1685-1699.
22	KRIGE D G. A statistical approach to some basic mine valuation problems on the witwatersrand［J］. Journal of the Chemical， Metallurgical & Mining Society of South Africa， 1951， 52（6）： 119-139.
23	PELLISSIER M P C， HABASHI W G， PUEYO A. Optimization via FENSAP-ICE of aircraft hot-air anti-icing systems［J］. Journal of Aircraft， 2011， 48（1）： 265-276.
24	刘藤，李栋，黄冉冉，等. 基于降阶模型的翼型结冰冰形预测方法［J］. 北京航空航天大学学报， 2019， 45（5）： 1033-1041.
	LIU T， LI D， HUANG R R， et al. Ice shape prediction method of aero-icing based on reduced order model［J］. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics， 2019， 45（5）： 1033-1041 （in Chinese）.
25	IULIANO E， BRANDI V， MINGIONE G， et al. Water impingement prediction on multi-element airfoils by means of Eulerian and Lagrangian approach with viscous and inviscid air flow： AIAA-2006-1270［R］. Reston： AIAA， 2006.
26	SKAMAROCK W C， KLEMP J B， DUDHIA J， et al. A description of the advanced research WRF model version 4［J/OL］. OpenSky，（2021-07-20）［2022-08-21］. .
27	MORRISON H， CURRY J A， KHVOROSTYANOV V I. A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. Part I： Description［J］. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences， 2005， 62（6）： 1665-1677.
28	KAIN J S. The kain-fritsch convective parameterization： an update［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology， 2004， 43（1）： 170-181.
29	HONG S Y， NOH Y， DUDHIA J. A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes［J］. Monthly Weather Review， 2006， 134（9）： 2318-2341.
30	COBER S G， ISAAC G A， STRAPP J W. Aircraft icing measurements in east coast winter storms［J］. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology， 1995， 34（1）： 88-100.
31	JONES S L. Simulation of meteorological fields for icing applications at the summit of mount washington［D］. Nebraska： University of Nebraska， 2014： 42-47.

参数	参数来源	MAE	RMSE	MAPE
T	文献［31］结果	2.87 K	2.96	1.1%
T	本文结果	1.45 K	1.74	0.5%
LWC	文献［31］结果	0.08 g/m³	0.12	28.7%
LWC	本文结果	0.07 g/m³	0.11	25.6%

算例	MVD/μm	LWC/ （g·m^-³）	T/K	H/m	V/ （m·s^-1）	攻角/ （°）
Case 1	15.0	0.445 5	258	4 629	87.2	4
Case 2	20.8	0.239 8	255	2 643	75.7	4
Case 3	27.1	0.265 8	263	126	53.9	4
Case 4	33.6	0.243 5	269	3 934	94.9	4
Case 5	40.0	0.100 0	263	2 699	67.9	4

序号	温度/K	高度/m	MVD/μm	LWC/ （g·m^-³）	V/ （m·s^-1）
Case 01	258.00	3 000	15	0.445 5	50
Case 02	268.00	1 200	15	0.697 0	55
Case 03	243.15	6 700	15	0.200 0	60
Case 04	268.15	1 200	25	0.402 7	65
Case 05	258.00	3 000	25	0.227 7	70
Case 06	243.15	6 700	25	0.099 5	75
Case 07	268.00	1 200	35	0.206 7	80
Case 08	258.00	3 000	35	0.117 3	85
Case 09	243.15	6 700	35	0.049 8	90

结冰等级	单位时间结冰厚度/ （mm·min^-1）	水滴收集量/ （kg·s^-1·m^-2）
微量结冰	<0.6	<0.009 2
轻度结冰	0.6~1.1	0.009 2~0.016 8
中度结冰	1.1~2.0	0.016 8~0.030 6
严重结冰	>2.0	>0.030 6

高度层eta	经度/（°）	纬度/（°）	平均高度/m	平均结冰强度/ （mm·min^-1）
5	-70.822 0	44.196 4	1 671	1.26
	-70.240 6	44.548 4
	-70.189 8	44.503 7
	-70.757 3	44.146 0
6	-70.524 6	44.402 0	2 042	1.25
	-70.125 3	44.659 6
	-69.969 3	44.523 2
	-70.382 5	44.275 7
7	-70.130 8	44.623 8	2 414	1.23
	-69.958 0	44.739 2
	-69.872 0	44.667 7
	-70.044 0	44.574 2

Icing test flight area determination method based on surrogated model of water droplet collection

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 30

References 31

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Qian YANG, Xiaofeng GUO, Qin LI, Wei DONG. Hot air anti-icing performance estimation method based on POD and surrogate model [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(1): 626992-626992.
[2]	Jun SHU, Dongguang XU, Zhirong HAN, Si LI, Xiong HUANG. Hybrid wing design of icing wind tunnel supercooled large droplet icing test [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(1): 627182-627182.
[3]	Qilei GUO, Weimin SANG, Junjie NIU, Ye YUAN. UAV flight strategy considering icing risk under complex meteorological conditions [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(1): 627518-627518.
[4]	LI Haiquan, CHEN Xiaoqian, ZUO Linxuan, ZHAO Zhuolin. Surrogate model for flight load analysis based on random forest [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2022, 43(3): 225640-225640.
[5]	LI Haoran, DUAN Yuyu, ZHANG Yufei, CHEN Haixin. Numerical method of ice-accretion software AERO-ICE [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(S1): 726371-726371.
[6]	YE Nianhui, LONG Teng, WU Yufei, TANG Yifan, SHI Renhe. Kriging-assisted constrained differential evolution algorithm [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(6): 324580-324580.
[7]	HU Weijie, HUANG Zenghui, LIU Xuejun, LYU Hongqiang. Missile aerodynamic performance prediction of Gaussian process through automatic kernel construction [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(4): 524093-524093.
[8]	FAN Zhouwei, YU Xiongqing, WANG Chao, ZHONG Bowen. Sensitivity analysis of key design parameters of commercial aircraft using deep neural network [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(4): 524353-524353.
[9]	JIA Beixi, LYU Zhenzhou, LEI Jingyu. Parameterized simulation platform of turbine cooling film blade life reliability analysis [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(12): 224747-224747.
[10]	GUO Xiangdong, LIU Qinglin, LIU Senyun, WANG Zixu, LI Ming. Numerical study of supercooled large droplet cloud evolution characteristics in icing wind tunnel [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2020, 41(8): 123655-123655.
[11]	LI Chunna, ZHANG Yangkang. An efficient adaptive global optimization method suitable for aerodynamic optimization [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2020, 41(5): 623352-623352.
[12]	HAN Zhonghua, XU Chenzhou, QIAO Jianling, LIU Fei, CHI Jiangbo, MENG Guanyu, ZHANG Keshi, SONG Wenping. Recent progress of efficient global aerodynamic shape optimization using surrogate-based approach [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2020, 41(5): 623344-623344.
[13]	WEI Chuang, YANG Long, LI Chunpeng, ZHANG Tiejun. Research progress and application of ARI_OPT software for aerodynamic shape optimization [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2020, 41(5): 623370-623370.
[14]	GUO Jiahao, ZHOU Zhou, FAN Zhongyun. A quick design method of propeller coupled with CFD correction [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2020, 41(2): 123216-123216.
[15]	GUO Xiangdong, ZHANG Pingtao, ZHAO Zhao, LAI Qingren, GUO Long. Airworthiness application compliance verification of cloud flowfield in large icing wind tunnel [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2020, 41(10): 123879-123879.