李玉涵1,2, 杨宝玉1,2(), 吴亦农1,2, 张强1, 唐晓1,2
收稿日期:
2023-04-04
修回日期:
2023-04-21
接受日期:
2023-07-18
出版日期:
2024-03-25
发布日期:
2023-07-24
通讯作者:
杨宝玉
E-mail:byyang@mail.sitp.ac.cn
基金资助:
Yuhan LI1,2, Baoyu YANG1,2(), Yinong WU1,2, Qiang ZHANG1, Xiao TANG1,2
Received:
2023-04-04
Revised:
2023-04-21
Accepted:
2023-07-18
Online:
2024-03-25
Published:
2023-07-24
Contact:
Baoyu YANG
E-mail:byyang@mail.sitp.ac.cn
Supported by:
摘要:
卫星光机载荷的光学效能与热设计密切相关,热控系统的模型修正是热设计必不可少的环节。近年国内外涌现出许多基于深度学习和寻优算法的提高热模型修正效率和精确度的方法可供参考,但没有进行系统的归纳。本文针对新出现的修正方法进行了总结,重点分析了在卫星光机载荷热控模型修正这一特殊问题中提高修正效率的几种手段——合适的寻优算法、构建代理模型和开发自动修正工具等。具体分析了这3种手段各自的研究进展及其适用条件和局限性,并提出了对于修正工具开发的思考。最后,对卫星光机载荷热控模型修正领域进行了展望,为后续提高热模型精确度和修正效率提供了方向。
中图分类号:
李玉涵, 杨宝玉, 吴亦农, 张强, 唐晓. 卫星光机载荷热模型参数高效修正方法研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2024, 45(6): 628814-628814.
Yuhan LI, Baoyu YANG, Yinong WU, Qiang ZHANG, Xiao TANG. Research on parameters correction method for thermal model of satellite optomechanical load[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(6): 628814-628814.
表 2
梯度算法对比
算法 | 原理 | 优势 | 劣势 |
---|---|---|---|
梯度下降法[ | 计算修正目标函数在一个初始解处的梯度,然后沿负梯度方向跨适当步长,不断重复这一过程,本质是一阶收敛 | 实现简单,应用广泛 | 其解不保证是全局最优解,梯度下降法的速度也未必是最快的 |
牛顿法[ | 利用局部的一阶和二阶偏导信息,推测整个函数的性状,进而求得近似函数的全局最小值,本质是二阶收敛 | 更快的收敛速度[ | 每一步都需要求解目标函数的Hessian矩阵的逆矩阵,计算比较复杂 |
BFGS法[ | 通过迭代构建近似Hesse矩阵,一定是正定的 | 可以解决问题规模比较大,计算量很大的无约束优化问题 | 依赖迭代的初始值,会碰到参数落入局部极值而无法求得全局最优解的问题 |
Broyden类的准牛顿法[ | 直接求解计算解与测量温度差值为零的方程组,基于前一步结果来近似雅科比矩阵,采用牛顿迭代法,用矩阵形式表达新一轮近似值[ | 更符合热模型修正的物理问题定义,可以求得全局最优解 | 解为一个特解,要求热模型是参数的单调且可微函数,卫星光机载荷热控系统经常用到的自动控温加热并不符合这一要求,需要在分析模型将控温逻辑转换为随时间变化的加热方式 |
表 4
参数修正问题类比
项目 | 热模型修正 | 结构模型修正 | |
---|---|---|---|
模型 | 物理模型 | 见 | 见 |
有限元模型 | 见 | 见 | |
联系 | 待修正参数 | 涂层吸收率 | 弹性模量E、质量密度ρ、截面积A、惯性矩 |
输出参数 | 输出为特征量 | 输出为特征量 式中: | |
目标 | 式中: | 式中: | |
流程图 | 见 | 见 | |
区别 | 维度 | 一般模型更为复杂,待修正参数维数更高,达到几十个。需要对其先进行敏感性分析 ,筛选出敏感参数。而且,过多的待修正参数会导致无法使用响应面法等处理低维问题的方法生成代理模型,基本只能借助于处理高维问题的神经网络的模型 | 一般模型较为简单,待修正参数相对较少,可以使用响应面法等建立代理模型 |
目标 | 一般为单目标无约束问题 | 一般为多目标有约束问题 |
表 5
其他领域不同代理模型优劣
模型名称 | 优势 | 劣势 |
---|---|---|
PR[ | 物理意义明确,易于理解,建模快速 | 适用于低阶非线性模型的近似 |
MARS | 属于回归算法,直接,快速 | 要求严格的假设且需要处理异常值 |
RBF | 平均精度高,鲁棒性好 | 需要较大样本量 |
Kriging | 在插值点即已知样本点上的响应值是准确无误差的,特别适合用来代替样本点响应值可视为准确无误差的模型(如计算机仿真模型) | 建模速度太慢,而且存在一些问题,比如对于某些响应值范围较大的目标函数,会出现过早收敛的情况 |
ANN | 可以充分逼近任意复杂的非线性关系,运算快,可学习,容错性高,算法可以快速调整,适应新的问题 | 会丢失部分信息,模型处于黑箱状态,难以理解内部机制 |
SVR[ | 在高维空间十分有效。即使数据的维度比样本数量还要大的情况下仍然有效 | 难以解释,要避免过拟合,解决大样本集、高输入维度和强非线性的模型时,SVR必须花费大量的计算时间来解决二次规划 |
表 6
航天热分析常用软件
热分析软件 | 所属公司 | 使用单位 | 应用领域 | 在航天热分析中的优势 | 局限性 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nastran | MSC公司 | NASA、五菱汽车、东风汽车 | 航空航天、工业设备制造 | 解决传导、对流、辐射、相变、热控系统在内所有的热传导现象,模拟热控系统,进行热-结构耦合分析 | 主要用于已知边界条件的热力学分析,无轨道加热计算模块 |
Sinda类(Thermal-Desktop等前处理) | Network Analysis公司 | NASA、Boeing、 航天五院 | 航空航天、汽车、电子 | 构成参数可见,便于分析者控制,使用最广泛的热网络求解软件 | 前处理过程复杂,集成度不够 |
ANSYS | ANSYS公司 | NASA、中科 院、各大高校 | 航空航天、能源、交通 运输、土木建筑、水利、 电子 | 最著名的流动分析软件,流动方程求解功能强大 | 主要解决流动问题;卫星中需要将外热流或壁面温度作为已知边界;需要前处理软件 |
TMG(UG/NX或I-DEAS前处理) | 原MAYA,现西门子公司 | 福特、西门子、丰田、中科院 | 航空航天、电子设备、 工业设备制造 | 对辐射、外热流、热网络求解具有高集成度,功能丰富 | 模型不易检查和修改 |
COMSOL | COMSOL 公司 | NASA、北航、南航 | 轨道交通、航空航天、 电力电子 | 集成度高,主打多物理场,使用方便 | 2022年6.1版本中刚增加一个新的接口计算卫星在轨辐射热 |
NEVADA | TAC Technologies公司 | NASA | 航空航天 | 辐射分析功能十分强大; 易于对模型诊断控制 | 纯辐射分析(含外热流)软件;建模很不方便 |
表7
多学科优化软件对比
优化平台 软件 | 接口与开发 | 流程框架 | 优点 | 缺点 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Isight | 有ANSYS、Nastran接口,第三方软 件接口很丰富,且方便二次开发 | 闭环 | 方便针对不同优化问题进行优化策略的选择 | 元模型不够丰富,计算精度不够;文件设置比较混乱 |
Optimus | 有ANSYS、Nastran、UG/CAE接口,且方便二次开发 | 开环 | 试验设计方法(Design of Experiment,DOE)丰富;优化方法丰富,且适用范围广;元模型丰富 | 文件管理不方便,所有模块运行均在同一个文件夹下进行 |
Heeds | 第三方软件接口十分丰富,有ANSYS、NX、COMSOL接口,二次开发不方便 | 开环 | 流程较简洁;DOE方法较丰富 | 元模型不够丰富 |
Modefrontier | 有Nastran、NX接口,第三方软件接口很丰富,可以二次开发 | 开环 | DOE方法丰富;优化方法丰富,且适用范围广;元模型丰富 | 设置不便,流程繁多,设计因素都需要显式设置 |
LSOPT | 第三方软件接口很少,且二次开发不方便,主要是编程和ANSYS | 闭环 | 界面简洁,方便理解 | DOE方法不够丰富;优化算法不够丰富 |
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