高怡宁1, 颉文庆1, 方淳1, 朱丹丹2, 赵冬冬2(
), 刘春强3, 朱永峰1
收稿日期:2025-08-14
修回日期:2025-08-26
接受日期:2025-11-04
出版日期:2025-11-20
发布日期:2025-11-13
通讯作者:
赵冬冬
E-mail:zhaodong@nwpu.edu.cn
基金资助:
Yining GAO1, Wenqing XIE1, Chun FANG1, Dandan ZHU2, Dongdong ZHAO2(
), Chunqiang LIU3, Yongfeng ZHU1
Received:2025-08-14
Revised:2025-08-26
Accepted:2025-11-04
Online:2025-11-20
Published:2025-11-13
Contact:
Dongdong ZHAO
E-mail:zhaodong@nwpu.edu.cn
Supported by:摘要:
在氢能源长航时无人机领域,氢燃料电池动力系统相较于涡轮发动机动力系统展现出更显著的适用性。深入剖析了燃料电池长航时无人机的发展现状,分析总结了典型大型氢燃料电池无人机的特点与适用场景,对制约氢燃料电池长航时无人机发展的关键技术进行了研究,全面梳理了国内外发展现状。提出了一种以航时最大为优化目标的大型氢能源无人机设计方案,开展了总体布局设计,对比不同动力架构形式并选取氢燃料电池-锂电池混合动力系统结构,开展了动力系统方案设计、电机设计、液氢燃料存储设计及能量管理策略设计,基于有限状态机思想构建了能量管理控制策略,仿真结果显示,在典型定速巡航工况和两种变功率工况下,该策略均能在满足总体功率需求的情况下保证燃料电池始终以最佳功率输出,锂电池在负载需求功率较大时放电,在负载需求功率较小时充电,有效保障了动力系统的可靠性,为大型燃料电池-锂电池混合能源动力系统无人机设计提供参考。
中图分类号:
高怡宁, 颉文庆, 方淳, 朱丹丹, 赵冬冬, 刘春强, 朱永峰. 燃料电池无人机关键技术与混合能量架构[J]. 航空学报, 2026, 47(11): 232679.
Yining GAO, Wenqing XIE, Chun FANG, Dandan ZHU, Dongdong ZHAO, Chunqiang LIU, Yongfeng ZHU. Key technologies of fuel cell unmanned aerial vehicles and hybrid energy architecture[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2026, 47(11): 232679.
表4
燃料电池特性比较[34]
| 类型 | PEMFC | AFC | PAFC | MCFC | SOFC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 催化层 | 铂 | 镍 | 铂 | 非金属 | 非金属 |
| 氧化剂 | 氧气 | 氧气 | 氧气 | 氧气 | 氧气 |
| 电解质材料 | 质子交换膜 | 碱性溶液 | 磷酸盐溶液 | 熔融碳酸盐 | 固体氧化物 |
| 导电离子 | 氢离子 | 氢氧根离子 | 氢离子 | 碳酸根离子 | 氧离子 |
| 功率/kW | 1~100 | 10~100 | 100~400 | 300~3 000 | 1~2 000 |
| 效率/% | 35~60 | 45~60 | 35~60 | 45~60 | 50~60 |
| 工作温度/℃ | 50~100 | 70~100 | 150~200 | 600~700 | 700~1 000 |
| 寿命/(103 h) | 60~80 | 10 | 80~130 | 20 | 20~90 |
| 燃料 | 纯氢 | 纯氢 | 甲醇、汽油 | 天然气 | 氢气、天然气 |
| 应用领域 | 交通、运输 | 军事、航天 | 分布式发电 | 分布式发电 | 分布式发电 |
表9
不同类型动力系统架构对比
| 动力系统类型 | 动力/能源单元 | 燃料电池 功率/kW | 体积(燃料 电池)/L | 质量/kg | 总质量/kg | 响应 速度 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 纯燃料电池 | 燃料电池 | 269 | 53.8 | 67.25 | 慢 | 质量最轻, 控制简单 | 瞬态响应差 | |
| 燃料电池-锂电池 | 燃料电池/ 锂电池/液氢 | 119 | 23.8 | 29.75/ 91/118 | 238.75 | 快 | 瞬态响应好, 可靠性高 | 结构较复杂 |
燃料电池- 锂电池-太阳能 | 燃料电池/锂电池/ 液氢/太阳能板 | 109 | 21.8 | 27.25/91/ 108/240 | 466.25 | 快 | 降低氢耗, 续航时间长 | 结构复杂, 受天气影响 |
| 燃料电池-锂电池-超级电容器 | 燃料电池/锂电池/ 液氢/超级电容器 | 119 | 23.8 | 29.75/88/ 118/54 | 289.75 | 快 | 瞬态响应最好 | 结构最复杂, 成本最高 |
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