关键词: 非合作中轨星座, 效能—成本优化, KPI体系, 多重覆盖, 目标跟踪, 韧性生存

Abstract: High-orbit systems are constrained by the high cost of individual satellites and insufficient constellation layering, which limits their overall survivability. To achieve a low-cost and resilient transition, developing networked medium Earth orbit (MEO) constellations has become an inevitable trend in the evolution of space-based detection architectures. Nevertheless, in non-cooperative contexts, limited publicly available information leads to uncertain constellation parameters and makes capability assessment challenging. To address these issues, this paper proposes a complex-constrained parameter inversion method for non-cooperative constellations based on an “inverse engineering–forward validation” framework. First, typical deployment characteristics are analyzed and mission requirements are quantified to establish a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) system incorporating performance metrics such as multi-fold coverage and precision tracking. Second, a joint effectiveness-cost optimization model is formulated under constraints including global coverage and radiation-belt avoidance. Third, decision variables are decoupled from the geometric-topology layer and the physical-constraint layer, and a hierarchical solution algorithm is developed; meanwhile, a multi-level effectiveness evaluation framework covering coverage, tracking, and resilient survivability is constructed. Simulation results indicate that the inferred typical MEO constellation achieves favorable performance in detection coverage, target tracking, and resilient survivability. The proposed method can provide a theoretical reference for the parameter identification and capability assessment of non-cooperative constellations.

Key words: Non-cooperative MEO constellation, Effectiveness-cost optimization, KPI system, Multi-fold coverage, Target tracking, Resilient survivability