基于互质阵列的堆叠智能超表面及二维DOA估计

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.33782

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基于互质阵列的堆叠智能超表面及二维DOA估计

赖欣¹,²,陈小瑜³,张小飞⁴

1. 南京航空航天大学
2. 香港科技大学
3. 泉州师范学院
4. 南京航空航天大学，电子信息工程学院，通信与信息系统专业

收稿日期:2026-04-28 修回日期:2026-07-29 出版日期:2026-07-30 发布日期:2026-07-30
通讯作者: 张小飞
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金;国家自然科学基金

Coprime Array Stacked Intelligent Meta-surfaces for Two-Dimensional Di-rection of Arrival Estimation

Received:2026-04-28 Revised:2026-07-29 Online:2026-07-30 Published:2026-07-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 堆叠智能超表面（Stacked Intelligent Metasurface, SIM）通过在衍射超原子层间模拟电磁波传播，能够在射频前端以光速实现波域信号处理，为突破传统数字方法的高延迟与高能耗瓶颈提供了新范式。针对二维波达方向估计问题（Two Dimensional Direction of Arrival, 2D-DOA），本文提出一种基于互质阵列的堆叠智能超表面（Coprime Array Stacked Intelligent Meta-surface, CA-SIM）与角度估计方法。CA-SIM由两个单元间距满足互质关系的级联子SIM构成，在相同超表面单元数量下有效扩展了阵列孔径。在相位优化阶段，采用自适应动量估计方法分别优化各子SIM中间层的相位分布，使其端到端响应精确逼近二维离散傅里叶变换（Two Dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform, 2D-DFT）估计器。在角度估计阶段，利用输入层可重构超表面（Reconfigurable Intelligent meta-Surface, RIS）的相位旋转实现空间谱的精细化搜索，并基于互质特性唯一消除子SIM估计的模糊角度估计。仿真结果表明，所提CA-SIM架构在优化收敛速度与二维DOA估计精度上均具有显著优势。

关键词: 阵列信号处理, 波达方向估计, 稀疏阵列, 互质阵列, 可重构智能超表面

Abstract: Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) enables wave-domain signal processing at the speed of light by emulating elec-tromagnetic wave propagation across diffractive meta-atom layers, offering a new paradigm to overcome the high latency and energy consumption bottlenecks of conventional digital methods. Aiming at two-dimensional direction-of-arrival (2D-DOA) estimation, this paper proposes a coprime array stacked intelligent metasurface (CA-SIM) architec-ture. The proposed architecture consists of two cascaded sub-SIMs whose element spacings satisfy a coprime rela-tionship, effectively extending the array aperture without increasing the number of meta-atoms. In the optimization phase, an adaptive momentum estimation method is employed to optimize the phase distributions of the intermediate layers in each sub-SIM, enabling their end-to-end responses to accurately approximate two-dimensional discrete Fou-rier transform (2D-DFT) estimators. In the estimation phase, phase rotations of the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) input layer are utilized to perform refine spatial spectrum searching, while the coprime property uniquely re-solves the ambiguous angle estimates from the sub-SIMs. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CA-SIM architecture achieves significant advantages in both optimization convergence speed and 2D-DOA estimation accura-cy.

Key words: array signal processing, direction of arrival estimation, sparse array, coprime array, reconfigurable intelligent meta-surface

中图分类号:

TN911.7

赖欣陈小瑜张小飞. 基于互质阵列的堆叠智能超表面及二维DOA估计[J]. 航空学报, doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.33782.

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主管单位：中国科学技术协会主办单位：中国航空学会北京航空航天大学

基于互质阵列的堆叠智能超表面及二维DOA估计

Coprime Array Stacked Intelligent Meta-surfaces for Two-Dimensional Di-rection of Arrival Estimation

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