氢能源无人机关键技术研究进展

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2024.31603

Abstract

Abstract:

As one of the most promising types of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles （UAVs） powered by new energy sources， hydrogen-powered UAVs are closely linked to the concept of green aviation and low-altitude economic scenarios. To provide a reference for the design of hydrogen powered UAVs， this paper summarizes the key areas and technical issues involved in the development of hydrogen powered UAVs， and reviews relevant research. The review first outlines the development history， technical advantages， application scenarios， and common examples of hydrogen powered UAVs. Subsequently， it categorizes and discusses the key issues related to hydrogen powered UAVs in four major technical areas： overall design technology， structural design technology， power system design technology， and flight control technology. Moreover， the technical frontiers faced in each area and the current research conducted by researchers both domestically and internationally are analyzed. Finally， combining the relevant technological advancements， the paper proposes suggestions and outlooks for the development of hydrogen powered UAVs. The research indicates that the development potential of hydrogen powered UAVs has not been fully explored， and joint efforts across multiple disciplines and fields to leverage hydrogen’s crucial role in extending UAV endurance are required so as to reduce onboard weight， and promote green aviation development.

Key words: hydrogen powered UAVs, overall design technology, structual design technology, power system design technology, flight control technology

CLC Number:

V279

Jinwu XIANG, Kai MA, Zi KAN, Daochun LI, Kexin ZHENG, Hanxuan CHEN. Review of key technologies for hydrogen powered unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(5): 531603.

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型号	首飞年份	构型	储氢型式	最大起飞质量/kg	动力型式	翼展/m	续航时间/h
离子虎	2009	固定翼	GH₂/LH₂	16.1	燃料电池	5.2	26/48
全球观察者	2011	固定翼	LH₂	1 805	内燃机	53.3	4
幻影之眼	2012	固定翼	LH₂	4 241	内燃机	45.72	4~8
飞跃一号	2012	固定翼	GH₂	20	燃料电池	5	2
Jupiter-H2	2017	旋翼	GH₂	5.2	燃料电池		2
青鸥30无人机	2022	复合翼	GH₂	30	燃料电池	4	9
天目山一号	2024	旋翼	GH₂	25	燃料电池		4

冷却策略	技术描述	技术优势	技术挑战
风冷技术	利用空气循环实现热量的排出	附加质量小，技术难度较小	影响无人机气动效率
液冷技术	利用高比热容液体循环带走废热	液体比热系数较空气更高，散热效果更好	附加质量高，且有泄露风险
相变材料技术	通过材料相变过程吸收、释放热量	相变材料具有较高的温度均匀性	传热效率较低，且有泄露风险

燃料类型	Jet A-1	汽油	LH₂	GH₂ （350 bar）	GH₂ （700 bar）
质量能量密度/（MJ·kg^-1）	43.2	41.9	120	120	120
体积能量密度/（MJ·L^-1）	34.9	32.7	8.5	2.9	4.8
储存温度/K	室温	室温	20	室温	室温
储存压力/bar	常压	常压	2	350	700
储罐质量效率/wt%	100		30~90	1~15	1~15

罐体类型	材料组成	最大内压/ MPa	质量效率/%
Ⅰ	金属储罐	<20	<1
Ⅱ	纤维复合材料包覆的金属罐	<30	2
Ⅲ	带金属衬垫的复合罐	35~70	3.9~5
Ⅳ	带有聚合物内衬的复合罐	70	>5
Ⅴ	无内衬复合罐	>70	>7.5

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Review of key technologies for hydrogen powered unmanned aerial vehicles

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