航空发动机整机防结冰试验能力综述

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2023.29449

Abstract

Abstract:

Aero-engine icing and anti-icing test should be verified during the engine development and validation process due to the important influence of icing on engine. Problems associated with flight icing tests， as well as reasons and necessity for ground icing tests， were introduced briefly. This paper emphasized the bare facts of facilities， including those in the United States such as NASA and AEDC， Russia’s CIAM， the UK’s NGTE， and engine Original Equipment Manufacturer （OEM） companies （GE， RP and PW）， as well as those in China. Combined with aero-engine characteristics and the latest airworthiness provisions requirements， main challenges in establishing high-altitude and outdoor icing test capabilities in China were analyzed systematically and future development were prospected.

Key words: aero-engine, anti-icing and icing test, altitude test facility, outdoor test facility

CLC Number:

V231.3

Yingjiao HU, Feng XU, Zhijun YANG. Overview of aero-engine ice testing capability[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(S2): 729449-729449.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Table 1

Fig.4

Table 2

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Table 3

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

Fig.12

Table 4

Fig.13

References 25

1	FAA. Airworthiness standards aircraft engines： FAR33 ［S］. 2014.
2	FAA. Airplane and engine certification requirements in super-cooled large drop， mixed phase， and ice crystal icing conditions： FAA-2010-0636 ［S］. 2010.
3	PASSARELLO C， USAF FRANK J.， Phase V （adverse weather） icing tests of the KC-135 aircraft： WADC Tech Note 58-140［R］. Wright Air Development Center. 1958.
4	STEARNS C， BENJAMIN D. An evaluation of the C-133 wing de-icing system： WADC Tech Note 59-278［R］ Wright Air Development Center. 1959.
5	KISSLING H. Aircraft engine anti-icing test and evaluation technology［C］∥Proceedings of the 10th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston： AIAA， 1972.
6	DONALD A LT. A water spray tanker for icing simulation， aircraft ice protection［R］. Washington， D.C.： Federal Aviation Administration， 1969.
7	战培国. 国外结冰试验研究平台综述［J］. 飞航导弹， 2016（11）： 70-73.
	ZHAN P G. Overview of foreign icing test and research platforms［J］. Aerodynamic Missile Journal， 2016（11）： 70-73 （in Chinese）.
8	王宗衍. 美国冰风洞概况［J］. 航空科学技术， 1997， 8（3）： 45-47.
	WANG Z Y. Ice aerodynamic tunnel in USA［J］. Aeronautical Science and Technology， 1997， 8（3）： 45-47 （in Chinese）.
9	易贤，朱国林，桂业伟. 结冰风洞高度模拟能力评估［J］. 科技导报， 2009， 27（9）： 65-68.
	YI X， ZHU G L， GUI Y W. Evaluation of the simulation capability of an icing wind tunnel［J］. Science & Technology Review， 2009， 27（9）： 65-68 （in Chinese）.
10	侯敏杰，刘冬根. 航空发动机高空台的发展与展望［J］. 航空科学技术， 2012， 23（3）： 1-4.
	HOU M J， LIU D G. Development and prospect of the aero-engine altitude test facility［J］. Aeronautical Science & Technology， 2012， 23（3）： 1-4 （in Chinese）.
11	International SAE. Design， calibration， and test methods for turbine engine icing test facilities ［S］. 2017.
12	GRIFFIN T A， LIZANICH P， DICKI D J. PSL icing facility upgrade overview［C］∥Proceedings of the 6th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. Reston： AIAA， 2014.
13	ZANTE J V， BENCIC T， RATVASKY T. Update on the NASA Glenn propulsion systems lab ice crystal cloud characterization ［R］. 2015.
14	OLIVER M J. Validation ice crystal icing engine test in the propulsion systems laboratory at NASA Glenn research center［C］∥Proceedings of the 6th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. Reston： AIAA， 2014.
15	FLEGEL A B， OLIVER M J. Preliminary results from a heavily instrumented engine ice crystal icing test in a ground based altitude test facility［C］∥Proceedings of the 8th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. Reston： AIAA， 2016.
16	GOODWIN R V， DISCHINGER D G. Turbofan ice crystal rollback investigation and preparations leading to inaugural ice crystal engine test at NASA PSL-3 test facility［C］∥Proceedings of the 6th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. Reston： AIAA， 2014.
17	BERG A L， WOLEF H E. Aircraft engine icing test techniques and capabilities at the AEDC： AIAA-1976-0010［R］. Reston： AIAA， 1976.
18	晓湖. 美国空军阿诺德工程发展中心［J］. 现代军事， 1998（2）： 49-50.
	XIAO H. Arnold engineering development center， United States air force［J］. Conmilit， 1998（2）： 49-50 （in Chinese）.
19	SCOTT C. Barlett icing simulation in the aeropropulsion systems test facility propulsion development test cell C-2： AEDC-TR-94-12［R］. 1994.
20	国航发科技委. 国外航空发动机试验测试能力发展与研究［R］. 2017.
21	刘永泉. 国外航空发动机试验设备概览［M］. 北京：航空工业出版社， 2017.
	LIU Y Q. Test facilities manual of overseas aero engine［M］. Beijing： Aviation Industry Press， 2017 （in Chinese）.
22	MACLEOD J， CLARKE M， MARSH D. The GLACIER icing facility-lessons learnt in five years of operation［C］∥SAE Technical Paper Series. 2015.
23	李斯，于雷，金沙，等. 移动式冰风洞试验方法研究和应用［J］. 空气动力学学报， 2017， 35（6）： 855-859.
	LI S， YU L， JIN S， et al. Study and application of movable icing wind tunnel test method［J］. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica， 2017， 35（6）： 855-859 （in Chinese）.
24	唐扬刚，马建军，吴敬涛. 气候实验室开式结冰风洞试验方法研究与应用［J］. 飞行器强度研究， 2021（4）： 54-60.
	TANG Y G， MA J J， WU J T. Study and application of open icing wind tunnel test method in climatic laboratory［J］. Aircraft Strength Research， 2021（4）： 54-60 （in Chinese）.
25	黄平，卜雪琴，刘一鸣，等. 混合相/冰晶条件下的结冰研究综述［J］. 航空学报， 2022， 43（5）： 025178.
	HUANG P， BU X Q， LIU Y M， et al. Mixed phase/glaciated ice accretion： review［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2022， 43（5）： 025178 （in Chinese）.

参数名称	常规试验参数	结冰试验参数
模拟高度/ft	海平面/90 000	4 000/45 000
静温/℉	-90/1 200	-60/15
马赫数	0.15/6.0	0.15/0.8
最大空气质量流量/（lbm·s^-1）	480	330
最大推力测量/（10³ lbf）	50	50
高空舱尺寸/ft	24×39	24×39
液滴直径/μm	N/A	15/50
冰晶粒子尺寸/μm	N/A	15~80
总水含量/（g·m^-3）	N/A	0.5~9

状态	参数	常规试验参数
试验段	试验段直径/ft	28
	试验段长度/ft	47
	马赫数范围	0/2.3
	试验结构形式	自由射流式或溢流式
	质量流量/（kg·s^-1）	680~997
进口状态	模拟高度/kft	海平面-75
	总温/℉	-60~350
	推力测量/klb	100
结冰试验	液态水含量/（g·m^-3）	0.2~2.8
结冰试验	液滴直径MVD/μm	15~35

参数	TRDC	PEEBLES 6A	可移动式结冰台
流量/（kg·s^-1）	1 270	2 267	181
喷嘴数量	125	209	400
最小液态水含量LWC/（g·m^-3）	0.25	0.25	0.25
最大液态水含量LWC/（g·m^-3）	2.5	2.5	2.5
平均水滴直径MVD/μm	15~40	15~40	15~40

结冰气象条件	性能参数	参照条款	能力现状
最大连续结冰	0.1~1.1 g/m³ 15~40 μm 32~-22 ℉	FAR 25部附录C	可实现地面模拟
间断最大结冰	0.1~3.8 g/m³ 15~40 μm 26~-40 ℉	FAR 25部附录C	可实现地面模拟
地面结冰	>0.3 g/m³ >20 μm 15~30 ℉	FAR 33.68 b	可实现
过冷大液滴	100~500 μm	FAR 33 附录O	~150 μm
冰晶混合相	0.3 g/m³ 0.2~5 g/m³	FAR 33附录D	尚未实现

[1]	Zeyong YIN, Gaiqi LI, Jiancheng SHI, Yueqian YIN. Concept, method and practice of advanced versatile core engine derivative [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(7): 29713-029713.
[2]	Weina HUANG, Fangjuan LI, Hongbin QI. Preliminary investigation and thoughts on aero-engine digital engineering development [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(5): 529693-529693.
[3]	Ruixian MA, Xin WANG, Kaiming WANG, Bin LI, Mingfu LIAO, Siji WANG. Rubbing experimental study on labyrinth and rubber⁃coated case for aero⁃engines [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(4): 628350-628350.
[4]	Yuan XIAO, Kun FENG, Minghui HU, Zhinong JIANG. Extraction method for unsteady vibration components of aero-engine rotors [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(3): 228158-228158.
[5]	Yanzhao DONG, Yan ZHOU, Jixian ZOU, Xin WANG, Xiaodong LI, Hongshuai CUI. Grid-connection control method for air supply compressor unit of altitude test facility [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(9): 327221-327221.
[6]	Neng WAN, Qixin ZHUANG, Yanheng GUO, Zhiyong CHANG, Dao WANG. Sampling strategy for on-machine measurement of aero-engine blade under constraint of fitting accuracy [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(7): 427151-427151.
[7]	Miaodong ZHAO, Dianyin HU, Jianxing MAO, Haihe SUN, Shiyong QIN, Yuanxing GU, Rongqiao WANG, Tengyue TIAN, Lin YAN, Zhixing XIAO. Simulating specimen for low cycle fatigue of aero-engine disc: Design and experiment [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(18): 228320-228320.
[8]	Xiaofeng SUN, Guangyu ZHANG, Xiaoyu WANG, Lei LI, Xiangyang DENG, Ronghui CHENG. Research progress in aero-engine combustion instability prediction and control [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(14): 628733-628733.
[9]	Pei PENG, Yongping ZHAO, Yuwei WANG. New method for automatic and rapid mining of aero-engine operating patterns [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(11): 327659-327659.
[10]	Wanli ZHAO, Yingqing GUO, Kejie XU, Cansen WANG, Haojie YING, Xinxin TAO. Review of key technologies for fault diagnosis and accommodation for multi⁃electric distributed engine control system [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(10): 27519-027519.
[11]	ZHANG Zhongqiang, ZHANG Xin, WANG Jiaxu, LIU Zhiwen. Reweighted kurtogram for aero-engine fault diagnosis [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2022, 43(9): 625445-625445.
[12]	HAN Songyu, SHAO Haidong, JIANG Hongkai, ZHANG Xiaoyang. Intelligent fault diagnosis of aero-engine high-speed bearings using enhanced CNN [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2022, 43(9): 625479-625479.
[13]	DU Jianjian, PAN Xiande, LIU Tianyi. Indirect measurement method for axial load of aero-engine angular contact ball bearing [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2022, 43(9): 625457-625457.
[14]	LIU Jiaqi, FENG Yunwen, LU Cheng, XUE Xiaofeng, PAN Weihuang. Safety analysis of aero-engine operation based on intelligent neural network [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2022, 43(9): 625375-625375.
[15]	ZHANG Shuo, LIU Zhiwen. Structured Bayesian sparse representation of aero-engine bearing failures [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2022, 43(9): 625056-625056.

Overview of aero-engine ice testing capability

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 17

References 25

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments