ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 26690.doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.26690
• Reviews • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yushu JIN1,2, Xu XU1, Qingchun YANG1(
)
Received:2021-11-24
Revised:2021-12-10
Accepted:2022-03-23
Online:2023-03-15
Published:2022-03-30
Contact:
Qingchun YANG
E-mail:yangqc@buaa.edu.cn
Supported by:CLC Number:
Yushu JIN, Xu XU, Qingchun YANG. Research progress in combustion characteristics and engine applications of energetic hydrocarbon fuels[J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(5): 26690.
Table 2
Experiment on single droplet combustion of hydrocarbon fuel containing Al/B micron-sized particles
| 文献 | 液滴成分 | 液滴直径 | 实验环境 | 主要研究结论 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wong和Turns[ | JP-10+42.6%Al JP-10+42.6%Al +Surfactants Al: 4 μm | 0.5~1.1 mm | 火焰,1 bar,1 250~1 800 K | ① 含铝浆体液滴燃烧时存在“爆裂”现象,燃尽时间缩短;② 加入尺寸较小的碳颗粒会导致团聚体表面孔隙度变化。 |
| Wong和Turns[ | JP-10+66%(Al+C)+Surfactants Al: 4 μm,C: 0.35 μm | 0.5~1.0 mm, 200~450 μm | 火焰,1 bar,1 616~2 003 K | 影响爆裂的因素:液滴外部硬质壳体的孔隙度和塑性。 |
| Mueller和Turns[ | RP-1 +60%Al Al: 微米级 | 20~100 μm | 火焰,1 bar,2 650 K | ① 爆裂产生的原因:不渗透壳体形成后内部压力持续升高;② 建立不渗透壳体压力累计模型,理论与实验结果一致。 |
| Antaki和Williams[ | JP-10+(0%~70%)B+2%Surfactants B: 2 μm | 1.2~3.0 mm | 空气,1 bar,300 K | ① 含微米硼JP-10浆体燃料燃烧过程中硼颗粒未参与燃烧;② 硼颗粒质量分数对浆体燃料液滴的燃烧现象影响显著。 |
| Takahashi et al.[ | JP-10+(0%~30%)B+2%Surfactants B:微米级 | 0.3~0.5 mm | 火焰,1 bar,2 054~2 086 K | ① 含硼浆体燃料液滴燃烧时存在“爆裂/微爆”现象;② 硼质量分数越高、火焰氧气摩尔分数越高,爆裂出现越早。 |
| Takahashi et al.[ | JP-10+10%/30% B+Surfactants 无定型硼:0.88 μm 晶体硼:6.7 μm | <450 μm | 火焰,1 bar,1 900 K, 氧气浓度:0.39 | 爆裂机制:硼颗粒在液滴表面张力和液滴蒸发的作用下在表面形成多孔壳体,添加剂的热分解产物与壳体相互作用形成不渗透壳体,持续加热使液滴内部压力持续升高,导致爆裂。 |
Table 3
Experiment on single droplet combustion of hydrocarbon fuel containing Al/B nano-sized particles
| 文献 | 液滴成分 | 单液滴直径或质量 | 实验环境 | 主要研究结论 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tyagi et al.[ | Diesel +50 nm Al Al: 15 nm/50 nm | 25.3±1.5 mg | 空气 1 bar,688~768 ℃ | ① 添加纳米铝颗粒有利于柴油的点火成功率;② 纳米颗粒会提升燃料的辐射和传热特性,在更低温度着火。 |
| Gan和Qiao[ | C10H22/C2H6O +10%Al+ Surfactants Al: 80 nm/5 μm | 0.5~2.5 mm | 空气1 bar,300 K | ① 含纳米铝浆体燃料燃烧时存在爆裂现象;② 颗粒尺寸差异导致浆体液滴燃烧时壳体表面特性不同。 |
| Gan et al.[ | C10H22 +5%B +Surfactants C2H6O +5%/1%B B: 80 nm | 0.5~2.5 mm | 空气 1 bar,300 K | ① 含纳米硼浆体燃料燃烧时存在爆裂现象;② 含硼浆体燃料液滴爆裂是因为燃料各组分的沸点不同。 |
| Tanvir和Qiao[ | C2H6O +(0%~50%) Al Al: 80 nm | 0.1~0.5 mm | 空气 1 bar,300 K | ① 浆体燃料液滴尺寸较小时,铝颗粒燃烧较完全;② 添加纳米铝提升液滴热传导特性,提高液滴燃烧速率。 |
| Javed et al.[ | C7H16+ (0.5%~5.0%) Al+ Surfactants Kerosene+(0.1%~1.0%) Al+ Surfactants Al: 70 nm | 1.0±0.1 mm | 空气 1 bar,600~850 ℃ | ① 含铝浆体液滴燃烧偏离经典的d2定律,经历频繁的微爆;② 微爆导致液滴燃烧时间明显缩短。 |
| 杨大力等[ | 煤油+(2%~10%) B+(2%~10%)凝胶剂 B: 微米级 | 1.0~1.2 mm | 空气 1 bar,300 K | ① 硼颗粒的加入会使凝胶液滴的微爆现象加剧;②凝胶剂越多,凝胶液滴稳定燃烧时间越久,微爆程度加剧;③ 硼含量越多,凝胶液滴稳定燃烧时间缩短,微爆程度加剧。 |
Table 4
Experiment on combustion of hydrocarbon fuel containing Al/B particles in rocket engine
| 文献 | 发动机及工质 | 燃料组成 | 工作参数 | 主要研究结论 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mordosky et al.[ | 火箭发动机 O2/凝胶燃料 | RP-1+ a%Al +Gellant, a=0, 5, 10, 30, 55 Al: 100 nm | 室压1.0~2.8 MPa 氧燃比0.5~5.0 | ① 相比纯凝胶燃料,RP-1+5%Al凝胶燃料燃烧效率提高6%,其余3组含铝凝胶燃料燃烧效率持平;② 含纳米铝凝胶燃料燃烧效率高于含微米铝凝胶燃料。 |
| Ellison et al.[ | 火箭发动机 O2/凝胶燃料 | Gelled RP-1+16%Al Al: 纳米级 | 室压1.2~1.6 MPa 氧燃比0.56~1.56 | 含铝凝胶燃料燃烧效率为72%~97%。 |
| Luo et al.[ | 火箭发动机 O2/浆体燃料 | JP-10+16%Al+ Surfactants Al: 40 nm | 室压2.8~3.0 MPa 氧燃比1.7~1.9 | ① 添加纳米铝使JP-10燃料燃烧效率提高约3%~9%;② 产物分析表明燃烧产物中存在大尺寸铝颗粒团聚体,80%的团聚体尺寸在100~300 nm范围。 |
| 邵昂等[ | 火箭发动机 O2/浆体燃料 | JP-10+21%Al+ Surfactants Al: 100 nm | 室压2.0~2.5 MPa 氧燃比1.6~2.0 | ① 高氧燃比时浆体燃料燃烧效率高于纯液体燃料;② 添加纳米铝颗粒使燃料密度比冲提高5.5%~14.6%;③ 浆体燃料燃烧产物中铝颗粒氧化率约74.1%。 |
| 刘毅等[ | 火箭发动机 O2/浆体燃料 | QC+15%Al+ Surfactants Al: 100 nm | 室压2.5~2.8 MPa 氧燃比1.6~2.0 | ① QC+15%Al浆体燃料的燃烧效率稍低于QC纯净燃料;② 浆体燃料的密度比冲相比纯液体燃料提高约3%;③ 喷管出口沉积物包含碳、铝和氧化铝,铝氧化率约91%。 |
| 靳雨树[ | 火箭发动机 O2/浆体燃料 | HD-01+10% 100 nm Al HD-01+10% 20 nm B QC+10% 20 nm B QC+20% 20 nm B | 室压1.9~2.2 MPa 余氧系数0.6~0.8 | ① 添加纳米颗粒可导致燃烧效率下降,密度比冲提升;② 添加纳米铝颗粒的综合效果优于纳米硼颗粒;③ 提高纳米颗粒含量可进一步提升发动机密度比冲性能,但会带来更严重的固相沉积问题。 |
Table 5
Experiment on combustion of hydrocarbon fuel containing Al/B particles in ramjet engine
| 文献 | 发动机及工质 | 燃料组成 | 工作参数 | 主要研究结论 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Von Kampen et al.[ | 圆筒燃烧器 Air/凝胶燃料 | Jet-Al+7.5%Gellant+7.5%MIAK+35%Al Al: 10 μm | 室压0.6~1.1 MPa 加热器温度300、 550、 800 K空燃比>0.75 | 燃烧温度提高,环境压力提高,均可使凝胶燃料燃烧效率提高。 |
| Negri和Ciezki[ | 圆筒燃烧器 Air/凝胶燃料 | Jet-Al+7.5%Gellant+(30-x)%微米Al+x%纳米Al,x=0, 15, 30 Al: 160 nm, 0.78 μm | 室压0.86~0.96 MPa 加热器温度400 ℃ 当量比0.75 | ① 含纳米铝浆体燃料的燃烧效率低于含微米铝浆体燃料的燃烧效率;② 3种燃料中铝的氧化率为30%~50%,扫描电镜图片显示纳米铝出现明显团聚,团聚体直径约200 μm。 |
| Gafni et al.[ | 亚燃冲压发动机 Air/凝胶燃料 | 煤油+5.6%/10.6%Ni-Al +Gellant 煤油+4.8%/23%Al +Paraffin Ni-Al: 22 μm, Al: 22 μm | 室压0.5~1.6 MPa 加热器温度700~1 200 K 当量比0.4~1.6 | ① 添加微米级活性铝和镍包覆铝均导致凝胶燃料燃烧效率下降,发动机质量比冲损失;② 含能凝胶燃料的高密度特性未能使其对应的密度比冲提升,铝颗粒含量较高时甚至出现损失。 |
| Xiao et al.[ | 亚燃冲压发动机 Air/凝胶燃料 | Jet-Al+3% Gellant +x%B, x=30,40 B: 微米级 | 来流空气马赫数为3 加热器温度625 K | ① 硼颗粒质量分数提高,燃烧效率下降;② 燃烧室长度减小,燃烧效率下降。 |
| Jin et al.[ | 超燃冲压发动机 Air/浆体燃料 | JP-10+16%Al+ Surfactant Al: 80 nm | 入口马赫数为2 入口总温1 700 K 当量比0.56、 0.73、 0.91 | ① 自激振荡喷注器实现高黏度浆体燃料稳定喷注和高效雾化;② 相比JP-10燃料,JP-10+Al浆体燃料的燃烧效率和密度比冲明显提高;③ 加入纳米铝导致燃烧室壁面热流提高32%,这是强对流、高总温、额外沉积热共同导致的。 |
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