氢燃料电池支线飞机概念设计与性能分析

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2024.30613

Abstract

Abstract:

Hydrogen aircraft is an important development direction of the aviation industry to achieve green energy transformation. Airbus， Universal Hydrogen and other institutions are conducting research on hydrogen aircraft. Hydrogen fuel cell regional aircraft is one of the hottest development directions at the moment. Hydrogen-powered DHC-8-300 and Dornier 228 have completed their first flight and are expected to be put into commercial use by 2027. But now， the research on hydrogen regional aircraft in China mostly stays in technical exploration， and there are few studies on the overall design scheme of full-size regional aircraft platform. In this paper， a retrofit design of hydrogen fuel cell power based on the turboprop regional aircraft platform is proposed， and the performance of the hydrogen fuel cell aircraft is analyzed by simulation method. The regional aircraft with modified hydrogen fuel cell uses a hybrid energy system of liquid hydrogen fuel and lithium battery， powered by electric motors. The main disadvantages of hydrogen aircraft compared to jet aircraft are lower maximum range， seating capacity and higher operating costs. The payload of the hydrogen aircraft is equal to that of the jet aircraft. The flight efficiency of hydrogen aircraft is higher， and the carbon emissions are extremely low. With technological advances， hydrogen aircraft is expected to match or even surpass the performance of jet aircraft.

Key words: hydrogen, fuel cell, aircraft, hydrogen storage, carbon emission, operating cost, civil aviation

CLC Number:

V272

Yuhan JI, Fancang ZENG, Xiangyu WANG, Yuanyuan WANG. Concept design and performance analysis of hydrogen fuel cell regional aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(9): 630613.

Figures/Tables 22

Table 1

Table 2

Fig.1

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Fig.2

Table 6

Table 7

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Table 11

Fig.9

Table 12

Fig.10

References 51

1	飞机之家数据库. 西飞新舟60简介［EB/OL］. （2021-01-01）［2024-03-15］. .
	AeroChina. Introduction of MA60 ［EB/OL］. （2021-01-01）［2024-03-15］. （in Chinese）.
2	RETALLACK L， SHAH S， HASAN S. Commercial aircraft manufacturer strategic adoption of hydrogen decarbonisation technologies［C］∥2023 28th International Conference on Automation and Computing （ICAC）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2023： 1-6.
3	PETERSON D， DESANTIS D， HAMDAN M. DOE hydrogen and fuel cells program record 20004： Cost of electrolytic hydrogen production with existing technology： DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record［R］. Washington， D.C.： Department of Energy， 2020.
4	MASSARO M C， BIGA R， KOLISNICHENKO A， et al. Potential and technical challenges of on-board hydrogen storage technologies coupled with fuel cell systems for aircraft electrification［J］. Journal of Power Sources， 2023， 555： 232397.
5	ZeroAvia Component Brochure［EB/OL］. （2023-03-13）［2024-03-15］. .
6	Wright S， Aaltonen J. Fuel cells and novel thermal management advancements required for aviation［C］∥ 33rd Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences. Bonn： ICAS， 2022.
7	纪宇晗，吴佳茜，曾凡苍. 氢燃料电池支线飞机关键技术与发展展望［J］. 航空科学技术， 2024， 35（1）： 15-24.
	JI Y H， WU J X， ZENG F C. Key technologies and development outlook of hydrogen fuel cell regional aircraft［J］. Aeronautical Science & Technology， 2024， 35（1）： 15-24 （in Chinese）.
8	Elliot P， Gregory K. Automotive fuel cell targets and status： DOE-20005［R］. Washington， D.C.： Department of Energy， 2020.
9	AMINUDIN M A， KAMARUDIN S K， LIM B H， et al. An overview： Current progress on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy， 2023， 48（11）： 4371-4388.
10	侯绪凯，赵田田，孙荣峰，等. 中国氢燃料电池技术发展及应用现状研究［J］. 当代化工研究， 2022（17）： 112-117.
	HOU X K， ZHAO T T， SUN R F， et al. Research on the development and application status of hydrogen fuel cell technology in China［J］. Modern Chemical Research， 2022（17）： 112-117 （in Chinese）.
11	WANG Y， PANG Y H， XU H， et al. PEM Fuel cell and electrolysis cell technologies and hydrogen infrastructure development-A review［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2022， 15（6）： 2288-2328.
12	Jayant M. Performance analysis of fuel cell retrofit aircraft： ICCT-2023-27［R］. Washington， D.C.： ICCT， 2023.
13	KADYK T， SCHENKENDORF R， HAWNER S， et al. Design of fuel cell systems for aviation： Representative mission profiles and sensitivity analyses［J］. Frontiers in Energy Research， 2019， 7： 35.
14	SHEN X， ZHANG X Q， DING F， et al. Advanced electrode materials in lithium batteries： Retrospect and prospect［J］. Energy Material Advances， 2021， 2021： 1205324.
15	VIGGIANO R P， DORNBUSCH D， WU J J， et al. Solid-state architecture batteries for enhanced rechargeability and safety （SABERS） for electric aircraft［J］. ECS Meeting Abstracts， 2020， MA2020-02（5）： 1012.
16	Yang Z， Lu Y， Liu X， et al. In situ synthesized dilithium rhodizonate/carbon nanotube composite cathodes for high-performance all-solid-state lithium batteries［J］. Energy Storage Materials， 2024， 72（9）： 103712.
17	Jones N. The electric-car battery revolution［J］. Nature， 2024， 626： 8.
18	SMITH L， IBN-MOHAMMED T， ASTUDILLO D， et al. The role of cycle life on the environmental impact of Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂ based solid-state batteries［J］. Advanced Sustainable Systems， 2021， 5（2）： 2000241.
19	JANEK J， ZEIER W G. Challenges in speeding up solid-state battery development［J］. Nature Energy， 2023， 8： 230-240.
20	ULVESTAD A. A brief review of current lithium ion battery technology and potential solid state battery technologies［DB/OL］. arXiv preprint： 1803，04317；2018.
21	前瞻产业研究院. 2024年中国动力锂电池价格变化趋势观察［EB/OL］. （2024-02-18）［2024-03-15］. .
	CIPIR. 2024 China power lithium battery price change trend observation［EB/OL］. （2024-02-18）［2024-03-15］. （in Chinese）.
22	Martin L. The race to decarbonize electric-vehicle batteries： M&C-2023-2-23［R］. Chicago： Mckinsey， 2023.
23	IVANOV N S， ZHURAVLEV S V， KHARKINA O A， et al. Electric machines with high specific power［J］. Russian Electrical Engineering， 2022， 93（10）： 621-630.
24	ALTOUQ S， FONG C， NORMAN P， et al. Technology maturity roadmaps of power system components for eVTOL aircraft： White paper September 2022［R］. Glasgow： Technology and Innovation Centre， 2022.
25	Pratt & Whitney Canada. PW 100/150 Turboprops ［EB/OL］. （2022-08-01）［2024-03-15］. .
26	DE GRAAF S， BAHRS V， TARBAH N， et al. H₂Electra-a platform for comparative analysis of integration concepts for hydrogen-based electric propulsion in regional aircraft［J］. Journal of Physics： Conference Series， 2024， 2716（1）： 012007.
27	GAO Y， JAUSSEME C， HUANG Z， et al. Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft： Hydrogen-electric hybrid propulsion for aviation［J］. IEEE Electrification Magazine， 2022， 10（2）： 17-26.
28	LI Q H， LIU Z Q， SUN Y， et al. A review on temperature control of proton exchange membrane fuel cells［J］. Processes， 2021， 9（2）： 235.
29	NICOLAY S， KARPUK S， LIU Y L， et al. Conceptual design and optimization of a general aviation aircraft with fuel cells and hydrogen‍［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy， 2021， 46（64）： 32676-32694.
30	马洪安，付淑青，吴宗霖，等. RP-3航空煤油燃烧特性及其反应机理构建综述［J］. 航空发动机， 2021， 47（1）： 25-31.
	MA H A， FU S Q， WU Z L， et al. Review of combustion characteristics and reaction mechanism construction of RP-3 aviation kerosene［J］. Aeroengine， 2021， 47（1）： 25-31 （in Chinese）.
31	MEKHILEF S， SAIDUR R， SAFARI A. Comparative study of different fuel cell technologies［J］. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews， 2012， 16（1）： 981-989.
32	VERSTRAETE D. Long range transport aircraft using hydrogen fuel［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy， 2013， 38（34）： 14824-14831.
33	Ultra-lightweight LH 2 Storage for LH 2 Powered Aircraft and Other Vehicles［EB/OL］. （2024-04-10）［2024-05-15］. .
34	SUN T Y， SHRESTHA E， HAMBURG S P， et al. Climate impacts of hydrogen and methane emissions can considerably reduce the climate benefits across key hydrogen use cases and time scales‍［J］. Environmental Science & Technology， 2024， 58（12）： 5299-5309.
35	STAACK I， SOBRON A， KRUS P. The potential of full-electric aircraft for civil transportation： From the Breguet range equation to operational aspects［J］. CEAS Aeronautical Journal， 2021， 12（4）： 803-819.
36	SHIRLEY C M， SCHETZ J A， KAPANIA R K， et al. Tradeoffs of wing weight and lift/drag in design of medium-range transport aircraft［J］. Journal of Aircraft， 2014， 51（3）： 904-912.
37	Scholz D， Nita M. Preliminary sizing of large propeller driven aeroplanes［J］. Brno： Czech Republic， 2008： 1-19.
38	Shahwan K. Operating cost analysis of electric aircraft on regional routes［J/OL］. Linkoping University Electronic Press，（2021-12-17）［2024-03-15］. .
39	BORER N K， BLAESSER N J， PATTERSON M D. Regulatory considerations for future regional air mobility aircraft： AIAA-2023-3294［R］. Reston： AIAA， 2023.
40	Glossary of Terms. ICAO data plus［EB/OL］. （2022-04-16）［2024-03-15］. .
41	Bower G. Vahana configuration trade study［EB/OL］. （2017-01-01）［2024-03-15］. .
42	BOLAM R C， VAGAPOV Y， ANUCHIN A. Review of electrically powered propulsion for aircraft［C］∥2018 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference （UPEC）. Piscataway： IEEE Press， 2018： 1-6.
43	Roskam J. Airplane design part VIII ［M］. DARcorpora tion， 2005.
44	KOTTAS A T， BOZOUDIS M N， MADAS M A. Turbofan aero-engine efficiency evaluation： An integrated approach using VSBM two-stage network DEA［J］. Omega， 2020， 92： 102167.
45	中华人民共和国交通运输部. 2021年民航行业发展统计公报［EB/OL］. （2022.06.07）［2024-03-15］. .
	Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. 2021 Civil aviation industry development statistical bulletin［EB/OL］. （2022.06.07）［2024-03-15］. （in Chinese）.
46	王知. 2021从统计看民航［M］. 北京：中国民航出版社， 2022： 31-33.
	Wang Z. Statistical data on civil aviation of China［M］. Beijing： China Civil Aviation Publishing House， 2022： 31-33 （in Chinese）.
47	孙旭东，成雪蕾，王树萌，等. 中国新能源风光发电制氢成本动态测算［J］. 洁净煤技术， 2023， 29（6）： 1-10.
	SUN X D， CHENG X L， WANG S M， et al. Dynamic cost analysis of hydrogen production from wind power and photovoltaic power［J］. Clean Coal Technology， 2023， 29（6）： 1-10 （in Chinese）.
48	Liu W. Roberto B. Zhu S， Green Hydrogen in China： A roadmap for progress： WEF-2023-6［R］. Tianjin： World Economic Forum， 2023.
49	Noyan O. Global hydrogen review 2022： IEA-2022-9［R］. Paris： International Energy Agency， 2022.
50	EDENHOFER O， MADRUGA R， SOKONA Y， et al. Renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation： IPCC-2018-3［R］. Washington， D.C.： Department of Energy， 2022.
51	International Civil Aviation Organization. Annex 16 environmental protection， Volume IV， carbon offsetting and reduction scheme for international aviation （CORSIA）［EB/OL］. （2023.07.31）［2024-03-15］. .

参数	改装前	改装后	变化量/%
最大起飞质量/kg	21 800	21 800
翼展/m	29.2	29.2
机身长度/m	24.71	24.71
客舱高度/m	1.907	1.907
客舱宽度/m	2.686	2.686
客舱长度/m	10.79	10.79
设计载客量/人	60	44^，52^*	-26.7，-13.3

性能参数	预测值
燃料电池功率质量密度/（kW·kg^-1）	2
燃料电池功率体积密度/（kW·L^-1）	1.5
氢电转化效率/%	60
设计寿命/h	1.5×10⁴
成本/（元·kW^-1）	400
碳排放（以CO₂计）/（kg·kW^-1）	50

性能参数	预测值
最大供电功率/MW	4.2
燃料电池最大功率/MW	2.63
燃料电池功率密度/（kW·kg^-1）	2
燃料电池质量/kg	1 315
锂电池总能量/（kW·h）	458
锂电池能量质量密度/（W·h·kg^-1）	600
锂电池能量体积密度/（W·h·L^-1）	1 200
锂电池功率密度/（kW·kg^-1）	5
锂电池质量/kg	763
锂电池体积/m³	0.382
锂电池循环寿命/次	1 500
锂电池碳排放（以CO₂计）/（kg·kW·h^-1）	80

性能参数	预测值
系统级功率质量密度/（kW·kg^-1）	4
系统级功率体积密度/（kW·L^-1）	4
单机功率/MW	2

组件	航空煤油	氢燃料电池	氢锂混合系统
涡桨发动机/m³	0.87
电动机/m³		0.5	0.5
氢燃料电池/m³		1.4	0.88
发动机短舱/（m×m）	3.4×1.25	4.15×1.69	3.81×1.44

Concept design and performance analysis of hydrogen fuel cell regional aircraft

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 22

References 51

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

参数	3号航空煤油	氢气， 70 MPa	液氢， -253 ℃
热值/（MJ·kg^-1）	43	120	120
密度/（kg·m^-3）	800	42	71
能量体积密度/ （GJ·m^-3）	34.4	5	8.5
液化/压缩能/ （kW·h·kg^-1）		2.9~3.2	10.0~13.0

参数	数值
高度/m	1.73
宽度/m	2.01
长度/m	1.7
壁厚/cm	4.6
液氢体积/m³	5.01
液氢质量/kg	355.7
储氢系统质量比	0.3
总质量/kg	1 185.7
碳排放/kg	6.4

参数	大型储氢罐	小型存储罐
高度/m	1.70	0.47
宽度/m	1.98	0.47
长度/m	2.3	1.35
液氢体积/m³	5.89	0.22
液氢质量/kg	418.19	15.62
储氢系统质量比	0.5	0.5
单个储氢罐质量/kg	836.38	31.24
储氢罐数量	1	28
液氢总质量/kg	855.55
系统总质量/kg	1 711.1

动力系统	航空煤油/kg	燃料电池/kg	氢电混合/kg
油箱系统	4 030
主动、被动式储氢系统		2 371，1 711	2 371，1 711
发动机、电动机	960	1 005	1 005
氢燃料电池		2 116	1 315
锂电池			763
电气系统	250	285	265
商载	5 500	4 963^，5 623^*	5 023^，5 683^*
其他系统	11 060	11 060	11 060
最大起飞质量	21 800	21 800	21 802

参数	航空煤油	燃料电池	氢电混合（主动储氢）	氢电混合（被动储氢）
商载/kg	5 500	4 963	5 023	5 683
商载变化/%		-9.7	-8.7	3.3
最大航程/km	1 526.2	864.8	864.7	1 039.9
航程变化/%		-43.3	-43.3	-31.9
能量度/ （kW·h·PPK^-1）	0.578	0.557	0.550	0.486
效率提升/%		3.8	5.1	15.9

成本	航空煤油	燃料电池	氢电混合
运营成本增加/%		48.1	46.9
燃料成本/（元·（kW·h）^-1）	0.613	0.911	0.911
燃料成本/（元·PPK^-1）	0.354	0.507	0.501
总运营成本/（元·PPK^-1）	0.360	0.533	0.529

碳排放强度/（g·PPK^-1）	航空煤油	燃料电池	氢电混合
碳排放减少/%		87.6	87.6
储氢系统生产碳排放	0	0.07	0.07
氢燃料电池生产碳排放	0	0.49	0.30
锂电池生产碳排放	0	0	0.56
燃料生命周期碳排放	183.75	22.11	21.85
总体碳排放	183.75	22.67	22.78

[1]	Yongjie ZHANG, Hongchen WANG, Bo CUI, Jingpiao ZHOU. Research progress in installation environment adaptability of cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks for hydrogen-powered aircraft [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(9): 629870-629870.
[2]	Chuihuan KONG, Zhouwei FAN, Jiahua DAI, Nanbo XU, Zhaoguang TAN, Lijun PAN. Range analysis of civil aircraft using hydrogen energy and electricity [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(9): 331087-331087.
[3]	Kelei WANG, Zhou ZHOU, Minghao LI. Research and experimental validation of loose coupling design method for propulsion wing unit [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(9): 212-229.
[4]	Zuoxu WANG, Xin WANG, Shuang MENG, Lianyu ZHENG. A knowledge-user behavior-driven aircraft assembly tooling design knowledge recommendation approach [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(9): 431417-431417.
[5]	Yunwen FENG, Da TENG, Cheng LU, Rui WANG, Junyu CHEN. Integrated mechanism and generative adversarial surrogate modeling for aircraft systems reliability evaluation [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(7): 230948-230948.
[6]	Yifan YANG, Xiao WANG. Enhanced hybrid vortex particle method for aerodynamic analysis of tiltrotor rotor/wing interactions [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(7): 131040-131040.
[7]	Jianzhong SUN, Zhuojian WANG, Hongsheng YAN, Zhe LI, Sizheng DUAN, Hanchun HU, Hongfu ZUO. Research advances in aircraft predictive maintenance [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(7): 30852-030852.
[8]	Zhuoran ZHANG, Jian ZHANG, Guangyuan HU, Han XUE, Hanqi LI, Li YU. Thermal management technologies of high-power-density high-efficiency electric machine systems for more electric aircraft [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(6): 531380-531380.
[9]	Naigang CUI, Guoxin QU, Xinhai MA, Shihao XU, Changzhu WEI. Adaptive prescribed-time/performance control for plane-symmetric aircraft in boost phase [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(6): 531470-531470.
[10]	Jinwu XIANG, Kai MA, Zi KAN, Daochun LI, Kexin ZHENG, Hanxuan CHEN. Review of key technologies for hydrogen powered unmanned aerial vehicles [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(5): 531603-531603.
[11]	Haixin CHEN, Liangtao FENG, Yuyu DUAN, Yukun GUO, Yue FU, Chenliang PAN, Yishan ZHOU. Aerodynamics-driven monoplane-biplane morphing aircraft [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(5): 531905-531905.
[12]	Qing GUO, Xiaoyang LIU, Junfeng FAN, Yu FU, Hongfu ZUO. Adaptive gas path fault diagnosis method of civil aviation engine fusing prior information [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(4): 230871-230871.
[13]	Ge SONG, Pengfei HAN, Yuxiang LUO, Weijun PAN. Trajectory classification and anomaly detection based on stochastic depth ResNet [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(4): 330883-330883.
[14]	Caichen WANG, Chao ZHANG, Xingkao CAI, Xiaofeng YANG, Guangming XIAO, Yanxia DU. Mesoscopic thermal response characteristics of CMC materials under high-speed flight conditions [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(3): 230620-230620.
[15]	Yousheng WANG, Liguo SUN, Jinpeng WEI, Wenqian TAN, Yonghao PAN. Optimization of climb trajectory of combined-cycle engine powered aircraft based on improved CSO-Gauss pseudospectral method [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(2): 230737-230737.