倾转旋翼机风洞试验综述

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2024.30114

Abstract

Abstract:

Tiltrotor aircraft is a significant trend in the development of the next generation of rotorcraft. It integrates the advantages of rotorcraft and fixed-wing aircraft， but also introduce more complex problems in terms of aerodynamics， structural dynamics， flight dynamics， and aeroelastic coupling. The wind tunnel experiment is an important technical method to understand and investigate the key aerodynamic， structural， and flight issues of tiltrotors. This paper give a comprehensive overview of a large number of wind tunnel tests in the development process of tiltrotor aircraft in China and other countries， and provides various types of test simulation criteria， equipment and facilities， typical results， and main conclusions of tests for tiltrotor aircraft rotors and corresponding airfoils， rotor/wing aerodynamic interference， rotor/wing aeroelastic stability， virtual flight， etc. Considering the research and development requirements， this paper also proposes suggestions for the development of wind tunnel testing technology for tiltrotor aircraft in China.

Key words: tiltrotor aircraft, wind tunnel test, aerodynamic performance, aeroelastic coupling characteristic, wind tunnel free flight test

CLC Number:

V211.4

Weiguo ZHANG, Min TANG, Jie WU, Xianmin PENG, Guichuan ZHANG, Bowen NIE, Liangquan WANG, Chaoqun LI. Overview of wind tunnel test research on tiltrotor aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(9): 530114-530114.

Figures/Tables 58

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 1

Fig.3

Table 2

Table 3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Table 4

Fig.10

Table 5

Fig.11

Fig.12

Fig.13

Fig.14

Fig.15

Fig.16

Fig.17

Table 6

Fig.18

Fig.19

Fig.20

Fig.21

Table 7

Fig.22

Fig.23

Fig.24

Fig.25

Fig.26

Table 8

Fig.27

Fig.28

Table 9

Fig.29

Fig.30

Fig.31

Fig.32

Fig.33

Fig.34

Fig.35

Fig.36

Fig.37

Fig.38

Fig.39

Fig.40

Fig.41

Fig.42

Fig.43

Fig.44

Fig.45

Fig.46

Table 10

Scale factors of dynamic tiltrotor model for free flight tests in wind tunnel

参数	比例因子	参数	比例因子
缩比（几何相似）	$N$	线速度	$N$
$v 2 / g l$ （Fr数相似）	1	线加速度	1
$m / l 3 ρ$ （质量相似）	1	角度	1
$J / l 5 ρ$ （惯量相似）	1	角速度	$N - 0.5$
时间	$N$	角加速度	$1 / N$
雷诺数	$N 1.5 υ$	动压	$N σ - 1$

Table 10

Fig.47

Fig.48

References 102

1	倪先平. 直升机手册［M］. 北京：航空工业出版社， 2003： 187-189.
	NI X P. Helicopter manual［M］. Beijing： Aviation Industry Press， 2003： 187-189 （in Chinese）.
2	王适存. 面向 21 世纪的直升机发展［J］. 南京航空航天大学学报， 1997， 29（6）： 7-12.
	WANG S C. Helicopter development facing the 21st century［J］. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics， 1997， 29（6）： 7-12 （in Chinese）.
3	FOSTER M. Evolution of tiltrotor aircraft［C］∥AIAA International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition： The Next 100 Years. Reston： AIAA， 2013.
4	邓景辉．高速直升机关键技术与发展［J］．航空学报， 2024， 45（9）： 529085.
	DENG J H. Key technologies and development for high- speed helicopters ［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2024， 45（9）： 529085 （in Chinese）.
5	徐敏. 倾转旋翼机的发展与关键技术综述［J］. 直升机技术， 2003（2）： 40-44.
	XU M. Summary of development and key technologies of tilt-rotor aircraft［J］. Helicopter Technique， 2003（2）： 40-44 （in Chinese）.
6	吴希明. 高速直升机发展现状、趋势与对策［J］. 南京航空航天大学学报， 2015， 47（2）： 173-179.
	WU X M. Current status， development trend and countermeasure for high-speed rotorcraft［J］. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics， 2015， 47（2）： 173-179 （in Chinese）.
7	EHINGER R， GEHLER C， ALLEN S. Bell V-280 Valor： A JMR-TD program update［C］∥Proceedings of the 73rd Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society. 2017.
8	HOUSTON S S. The Gyrodyne—A forgotten high performer？［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 2007， 52（4）： 382-391.
9	FELKER F F， SIGNOR D B， YOUNG L A， et al. Performance and loads data from a hover test of a 0.658-scale V-22 rotor and wing： NASA-TM-89419 ［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 1987.
10	MAISEL M， GIULIANETTI D， DUGAN D C. The history of the XV-15 tilt rotor research aircraft： From concept to flight： NASA/SP-2000-4517 ［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 2000.
11	THOMASON T. Bell-Boeing JVX tilt rotor program - Flight test program［C］∥Proceedings of the 2nd Flight Testing Conference. Reston： AIAA， 1983.
12	POLAK D R， REHM W， GEORGE A R. Effects of an image plane on the tiltrotor fountain flow［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 2000， 45（2）： 90-96.
13	YOUNG L A， LILLIE D， MCCLUER M， et al. Insights into airframe aerodynamics and rotor-on-wing interactions from a 0.25-scale tiltrotor wind tunnel model［C］∥AHS International Technical Specialist Meeting on Aerodynamics， Acoustics， and Test and Evaluation. 2002.
14	FELKER F F. Wing download results from a test of a 0.658-scale V-22 rotor and wing［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 1992， 37（4）： 58-63.
15	BARTIE K， ALEXANDER H， MCVEIGH M， et al. Hover performance tests of baseline metal and advanced technology blade （ATB） rotor systems for the XV-15 tilt rotor aircraft： NASA-CR-177436 ［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1986.
16	ALEXANDER H R， MAISEL M D， GIULIANETTID J. The development of advanced technology blades for tiltrotor aircraft［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 1986.
17	ACREE C W J. Assessment of JVX proprotor performance data in hover and airplane-mode flight conditions： NASA/TM-2016-219070［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 2016.
18	PIATAK D J， KVATERNIK R G， NIXON M W， et al. A wind-tunnel parametric investigation of tiltrotor whirl-flutter stability boundaries［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 2022， 47（2）： 134-144.
19	KOTTAPALLI S B， RUSSELL C R， ACREE C W， et al. Aeroelastic stability analysis of a full-scale isolated proprotor on the tiltrotor test rig［C］∥AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston： AIAA， 2019.
20	颜大椿. 实验流体力学［M］. 北京：高等教育出版社， 1992： 27-28.
	YAN D C. Experimental fluid mechanics［M］. Beijing： Higher Education Press， 1992： 27-28 （in Chinese）.
21	黄明其. 直升机风洞试验［M］. 北京：国防工业出版社， 2014： 31-35.
	HUANG M Q. Helicopter wind tunnel test［M］. Beijing： National Defense Industry Press， 2014： 31-35 （in Chinese）.
22	ACREE JR C W. JVX proprotor performance calculations and comparisons with hover and airplane-mode test data： NASA/TM-2009-215380［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 2009.
23	HELF S， BROMAN E， GATCHEL S， et al. Full scale hover test of a 25 foot tilt rotor： NASA-CR-114626 ［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1973.
24	FELKER F F， BETZINA M D， SIGNOR D B. Performance and loads data from a hover test of a full-scale XV-15 rotor： NASA-TM-86833 ［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 1985.
25	ACREE JR C W， SHEIKMAN A L. Development and initial testing of the tiltrotor test rig［C］∥AHS （American Helicopter Society） Annual Forum and Technology Display. 2018.
26	YOUNG L A. Tilt rotor aeroacoustic model （TRAM）： A new rotorcraft research facility［C］∥AHS International Meeting on Advanced Rotorcraft Technology and Disaster Relief. 1998.
27	BETZINA M D. Rotor performance of an isolated full-scale XV-15 tiltrotor in helicopter mode［C］∥Proceedings of the AHS Aerodynamics， Acoustics， and Test and Evaluation Meeting. 2002.
28	KITAPLIOGLU C. Blade-vortex interaction noise of a full-scale XV-15 rotor tested in the NASA Ames 80- by 120-foot wind tunnel［C］∥American Helicopter Society 56th Annual Forum， 1999.
29	LEBRUN F， MUNIER D， DECOURS J. ONERA S1MA wind tunnel testing capabilities of a modern tilt rotor［C］∥AHS 71st Annual Forum. 2015.
30	MCLUER M S， JOHNSON J L. Full-span tiltrotor aeroacoustic model （FS TRAM） overview and initial testing［C］∥American Helicopter Society Aerodynamics， Acoustics， and Test and Evaluation Specialist Meeting. 2002.
31	STABELLINI A， VERNA A， RAGAZZI A， et al. First NICETRIP powered wind tunnel tests successfully completed in DNW-LLF［C］∥AHS International Forum 70th. 2014.
32	LEBRUN F， CS O. Wind tunnel high speed powered tests of the ERICA tilt rotor model in S1MA - NICETRIP project ［EB/OL］. （2015）［2024-01-05］.
33	SCHNEIDER O， PRZYBILLA M， BREHL E， et al. Preparation and execution of the NICETRIP low- and high-speed wind tunnel tests［J］. CEAS Aeronautical Journal， 2016， 7（2）： 167-184.
34	NANNONI F， GIANCAMILLI G， CICALÈ M. ERICA： The European advanced tiltrotor［C］∥27th European Rotorcraft Form. 2001.
35	ALLI P. Erica： The European tiltrotor. Design and critical technology projects［C］∥Proceedings of the AIAA International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition： The Next 100 Years. Reston： AIAA， 2003.
36	GIBERTINI G， ZANOTTI A， CAMPANARDI G， et al. Wind-tunnel tests of the ERICA tiltrotor optimised air-intake［J］. The Aeronautical Journal， 2018， 122（1251）： 821-837.
37	李尚斌，江露生，林永峰. 倾转旋翼机悬停状态气动干扰分析［J］. 工程力学， 2024， 41（3）： 232-240.
	LI S B， JIANG L S， LIN Y F. The analysis of aerodynamic interference of tilt rotor aircraft in hover［J］. Engineering Mechanics， 2024， 41（3）： 232-240 （in Chinese）.
38	李春华. 时间准确自由尾迹方法建模及（倾转）旋翼气动特性分析［D］. 南京：南京航空航天大学， 2007： 85-98.
	LI C H. Modeling on time-accurate free wake method and investigation on aerodynamic characteristics of rotor and tiltrotor［D］.Nanjing： Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics， 2007： 85-98 （in Chinese）.
39	陈平剑，林永峰，黄水林. 倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰的试验研究［J］. 直升机技术， 2008（3）： 107-115.
	CHEN P J， LIN Y F， HUANG S L. Experimental study on rotor/wing aerodynamic interaction for tiltrotor aircraft［J］. Helicopter Technique， 2008（3）： 107-115 （in Chinese）.
40	招启军，倪同兵，李鹏，等. 倾转旋翼机流动机理及气动干扰特性试验［J］. 航空动力学报， 2018， 33（12）： 2900-2912.
	ZHAO Q J， NI T B， LI P， et al. Experiment on flow mechanism and aerodynamic interaction characteristics of tilt-rotor aircraft［J］. Journal of Aerospace Power， 2018， 33（12）： 2900-2912 （in Chinese）.
41	NASA. Advancement of proprotor technology. Task 2： Wind-tunnel test results： NASA-CR-114363［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1971.
42	MAGEE J， ALEXANDER H. V/STOL tilt rotor aircraft study： wind tunnel tests of a full scale hingeless prop/rotor designed for the Boeing model 222 tilt rotor aircraft： NASA-CR-114664 ［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1973.
43	ACREE JR C W， PEYRAN R J， JOHNSON W. Rotor design options for improving XV-15 whirl-flutter stability margins［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 2001， 46（2）： 87-95.
44	MARR R L， NEAL G T. Assessment of model testing of a tilt-proprotor VTOL aircraft［C］∥Vertical Flight Society Annual Forum & Technology Display-Forum. 1972.
45	POPELKA D， SHEFFLER M， BILGER J. Correlation of test and analysis for the 1/5-scale V-22 aeroelastic model［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 1987， 32（2）： 21-33.
46	SETTLE T BEN， KIDD D L. Evolution and test history of the V-22 0.2-scale aeroelastic model［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 1992， 37（1）： 31-45.
47	ACREE C W. Effects of V-22 blade modifications on whirl flutter and loads［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 2005， 50（3）： 269.
48	KVATERNIK R， KOHN J. An experimental and analytical investigation of proprotor whirl flutter： NASA-TP-1047 ［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1977.
49	POPELKA D， LINDSAY D， PARHAM T， et al. Results of an aeroelastic tailoring study for a composite tiltrotor wing［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 1997， 42（2）： 126-136.
50	NARAYANAN-NAMPY S， SMITH E. Extension-twist coupled tiltrotor blades using flexible matrix composites［C］∥46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures， Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. Reston： AIAA， 2005.
51	NIXON M W， KVATERNIK R G， SETTLE T BEN. Tiltrotor vibration reduction through higher harmonic control［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 1998， 43（3）： 235-245.
52	KRESHOCK A R， THORNBURGH R， WILBUR M. Overview of the TiltRotor aeroelastic stability testbed［C］∥AIAA Scitech 2022 Forum. Reston： AIAA， 2022.
53	IVANCO T G， KANG H， KRESHOCK A R， et al. Generalized predictive control for active stability augmentation and vibration reduction on an aeroelastic tiltrotor model［C］∥AIAA Scitech 2022 Forum. Reston： AIAA， 2022.
54	董凌华. 倾转旋翼/机翼气弹耦合动力学研究［D］. 南京：南京航空航天大学， 2011： 69-75.
	DONG L H. Research on aeroelastic dynamics of tiltrotor-wing coupled system［D］. Nanjing： Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics， 2011： 69-75 （in Chinese）.
55	董凌华，杨卫东，张呈林. 倾转旋翼/机翼耦合系统过渡状态气弹动力学试验研究［J］. 振动工程学报， 2008， 21（5）： 465-470.
	DONG L H， YANG W D， ZHANG C L. Experiment on aeroelastic characteristics of tiltrotor aircraft in transition flight［J］. Journal of Vibration Engineering， 2008， 21（5）： 465-470 （in Chinese）.
56	THOMASON T. The Bell Helicopter XV-3 and XV-15 experimental aircraft - Lessons learned［C］∥Proceedings of the Aircraft Design， Systems and Operations Conference. Reston： AIAA， 1990.
57	WEIBERG J A， MAISEL M D. Wind-tunnel tests of the XV-15 tilt rotor aircraft： NASA-TM-81177 ［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1980.
58	KOENIG D G， FIELD M， MORELLI J P. Full-scale prop-rotor stability tests on the XV3 at high advance ratios： NASA/TM-2015-218812［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 2015.
59	DUGAN D C， ERHART R G， SCHROERS L G. The XV-15 tilt rotor research aircraft： NASA-TM-81244［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1980.
60	Young L A， Yamauchi G K， Booth E R JR， et al. Overview of the testing of a small-scale proprotor［C］∥American Helicopter Society 55th Annual Forum. 1999.
61	DE BRUIN A C， SCHNEIDER O. A discussion of measured static and dynamic rotor loads during testing of the ERICA tilt-wing rotorcraft configuration in DNW-LLF wind tunnel［C］∥40th European Rotorcraft Forum. 2014.
62	彭先敏，黄明其，章贵川，等. 风洞试验中旋翼的智能控制技术［J］. 南京航空航天大学学报， 2019， 51（2）： 251-256.
	PENG X M， HUANG M Q， ZHANG G C， et al. Intelligent control technology of helicopter rotor in wind tunnel test［J］. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics， 2019， 51（2）： 251-256 （in Chinese）.
63	章贵川，彭先敏，车兵辉，等. 共轴刚性旋翼试验自动配平技术研究［J］. 南京航空航天大学学报， 2019， 51（2）： 226-231.
	ZHANG G C， PENG X M， CHE B H， et al. Research on automatic trim technology of coaxial rigid rotor test［J］. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics， 2019， 51（2）： 226-231 （in Chinese）.
64	杨军，吴希明，凡永华，等. 倾转旋翼机飞行控制［M］. 北京：航空工业出版社， 2006： 36-74.
	YANG J， WU X M， FAN Y H， et al. Flight control of tilt-rotor craft［M］. Beijing： Aviation Industry Press， 2006： 36-74 （in Chinese）.
65	LEISHMAN J G. Principles of helicopter aerodynamics［M］. Cambridge： Cambridge University Press， 2000.
66	SEDDON J， NEWMAN S. Basic helicopter aerodynamics ［M］. 3rd ed. New York： John Wiley & Sons， Ltd， 2011.
67	ACREE C W. Vertical climb testing of a full-scale proprotor on the tiltrotor test rig［C］∥Transformative Vertical Flight 2020. 2020.
68	EDENBOROUGH H， GAFFEY T， WEIBERG J. Analyses and tests confirm design of proprotor aircraft［C］∥AIAA 4th Aircraft Design， Flight Test， and Operations Meeting. Reston： AIAA， 1972.
69	FELKER F F， SIGNOR D B， YOUGH L A， et al. Wing force and surface pressure data from a hover test of a 0.658-scale V-22 rotor and wing： NASA-TM-89419 ［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1987.
70	NARRAMORE J. Airfoil design， test and evaluation for the V-22 tilt rotor vehicle［C］∥43rd Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society. 1987.
71	GARDAREIN P， BASSEZP， BEROUL F. Eurofar rotor aerodynamic tests［C］∥18th European Rotorcraft Forum. 1992.
72	NARRAMORE J. Advanced technology airfoil development for the XV-15 tilt-rotor vehicle［C］∥AIAA and NASA Ames VSTOL Conference. Reston： AIAA， 1981.
73	BEAUMIER P， DECOURS J， LEFEBVRE T. Aerodynamic and aero-acoustic design of modern tilt-rotors： The Onera experience［C］∥Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical. 2018.
74	POISSON-QUINTON P H， COOK W L. A summary of wind tunnel research on tilt rotors from hover to cruise flight［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1972.
75	WELLMAN B. Advanced technology blade testing on the XV-15 tilt rotor research aircraft［C］∥AHS Annual Forum. 1992.
76	HOAD D， CONNER D A， RUTLEDGE C K. Acoustic flight test experience with the XV-15 tiltrotor aircraft with the advanced technology blade （ATB）［C］∥14th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference. Reston： AIAA， 1992.
77	HARRIS F D. Hover performance of isolated proprotors and propellers—Experimental data： NASA/CR-2017-219486 ［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 2017.
78	ACREE JR C W. Calculation of JVX Proprotor performance and comparisons with hover and high-speed test data［C］∥AHS Specialist’s Conference on Aeromechanics. 2008.
79	FELKER F F， MAISEL M D， BETZINA M D. Full-scale tilt-rotor hover performance［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 1986， 31（2）： 10-18.
80	GIBERTINI G， AUTERI F， CAMPANARDI G， et al. Wind-tunnel tests of a tilt-rotor aircraft［J］. The Aeronautical Journal， 2011， 115（1167）： 315-322.
81	DE GREGORIO F， STEILING D， BENINI E， et al. ERICA tiltrotor airframe wake characterization［C］∥41st European Rotorcraft Forum. 2015.
82	BARLA C， FAVIER D， RONDOT C， et al. PIV measurements of the vortical wake behind tilt-rotor blades［C］∥13th International Symposium on Application of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics. 2006.
83	YAMAUCHI G K， BURLEY C L， MERCKER E， et al. Flow measurements of an isolated model tilt rotor［C］∥Annual Forum Proceedings-American Helicopter Society. 1999， 55（1）： 891-909.
84	FELKER F F， LIGHT J S. Aerodynamic interactions between a rotor and wing in hover［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 1988， 33（2）： 53-61.
85	FELKER F F， SHINODA P R， SHEEHY H F. Wing force and surface pressure data from a hover test of a 0.658-scale： NASA-TM-102244［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1990.
86	JOHNSON W. Influence of wake models on calculated tiltrotor aerodynamics［C］∥AHS Aerodynamics， Acoustics and Test and Evaluation Technical Specialist Meeting. 2022.
87	FELKER F F. A review of tilt rotor download research［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1988.
88	FELKER F F， LIGHT J S. Rotor/wing aerodynamic in-teractions in hover： NASA-TM-88255［R］. Washing-ton， D.C.： NASA， 1986.
89	FELKER F. Results from a test of a 2/3-scale V-22 rotor and wing in the 40- by 80-foot wind tunnel［C］∥AHS Annual Forum. 1991.
90	FEJTEK I， ROBERTS L. Navier-Stokes computation of wing/rotor interaction for a tilt rotor in hover［J］. AIAA Journal， 1992， 30（11）： 2595-2603.
91	YOUNG L A， DERBY M R. Rotor/wing interactions in hover： NASA/TM-2002-211392［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 2002.
92	MATOS C， REDDY U， KOMERATH N. Rotor wake/fixed wing interactions with flap deflection［C］∥American Helicopter Society 55th Annual Forum. 1999.
93	JOHNSON W， YAMAUCHI G， DERBY M， et al. Wind tunnel measurements and calculations of aerodynamic interactions between tiltrotor aircraft［C］∥Proceedings of the 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston： AIAA， 2003.
94	YAMAUCHI G K， WADCOCK A J， DERBY M D， et al. V-22/ship/helicopter aerodynamic interaction phenomena （VSHAIP） wind tunnel test： CA 94035-1000 ［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 2004.
95	SILVA M， YAMAUCHI G K， WADCOCK A J， et al. Wind tunnel measurements and calculations of aerodynamic interactions between helicopters and tiltrotors in a shipboard environment［C］∥American Helicopter Society 4th Decennial Specialist’s Conference on Aeromechanics. 2004.
96	JOHNSON W. Dynamics of tilting proprotor aircraft in cruise flight： NASA-TN-D-7677 ［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 1974.
97	GAFFEY T M. The effect of positive pitch-flap coupling （negative δ₃） on rotor blade motion stability and flapping［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 1969， 14（2）： 49-67.
98	YEAGER W T， KVATERNIK R G. A historical overview of aeroelasticity branch and transonic dynamics tunnel contributions to rotorcraft technology and development： NASA/TM-2001-211054［R］. Moffett Field： NASA Ames Research Center， 2001.
99	SUTHERLAND J R， TSAI F， DATTA A. Whirl flutter test of the Maryland tiltrotor rig： Swept-tip blades［C］∥AIAA Scitech 2022 Forum. Reston： AIAA， 2022.
100	TSAI F， SUTHERLAND J R， AKINWALE A， et al. Whirl flutter test of the Maryland tiltrotor rig： Overview［C］∥AIAA Scitech 2022 Forum. Reston： AIAA， 2022.
101	CHAMBERS J R. Modeling flight： The role of dynamically scaled free-flight models in support of NASA’s aerospace programs： NASA/SP-2009-575［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 2010.
102	TOSTI L P. Longitudinal stability and control of a tilt-wing VTOL aircraft with rigid and flapping propeller blades： NASA-TN-D-1365 ［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 1962.

参数	数值
旋翼最大直径/m	7.92
桨毂中心距地板高度/m	5.94
试验台主体结构直径/m	3.56
桨毂中心至天平中心距离/m	2.24
电机最大功率/kW	4 474
旋翼最高转速/（r·min^-1）	630
固定翼模式最大风速/（m·s^-1）	154
直升机模式最大风速/（m·s^-1）	92.6
旋翼最大拉力/N	133 356
旋翼最大扭矩/（N·m）	8 136

参数	数值
旋翼最大直径/m	3
电机最大功率/kW	180
旋翼最高转速/（r·min^-1）	2 300
短舱倾角范围/（°）	95~0
最大风速/（m·s^-1）	80
总距操纵范围/（°）	0~40

参数	TRAST试验台	MTR试验台
气动外形	XV-15	XV-15（部分参考）
旋翼直径/m	2.44	1.45
旋翼悬停转速/（r·min^-1）	909	1 050
桨毂形式	无饺式/万向铰式	无饺式/万向铰式
桨叶翼型	XV-15旋翼翼型	VR-7
机翼翼型	XV-15机翼翼型	NACA0018
δ₃调节范围/（°）	-30~30/5 间隔	-15（不可调）
总距范围/（°）	-5~65	17~75
翼展/m	1.34	0.87
机翼弦长/m	0.46	0.4

风洞/场地	NFAC OARF	NFAC 12 m×24 m	DNW-LLF
试验台	PTR	PTR	TRAM
模型比例	0.658		0.25
旋翼半径/m	3.81		1.45
实度	0.113 8		0.105
翼型	XN系列翼型
扭转	32°~-6°，非线性

主要参数	XV-3	XV-15	V-22
旋翼直径/m	7	7.62	11.58
翼型	NACA0015	NACA64系列	XN系列
扭转角/（°）	1（线性）	-41（非线性）	-47.5（非线性）
实度	0.051	0.089	0.105
δ₃/（°）	20	-15	-15
桨尖形状	矩形	矩形	矩形
桨叶片数	2	3	3

Overview of wind tunnel test research on tiltrotor aircraft

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 58

References 102

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Pengpeng SUN, Ping’an LIU, Feng FAN, Wei ZENG. Aerodynamic interaction characteristics of coaxial rigid rotor⁃fuselage in hover condition [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(9): 529284-529284.
[2]	Chang WANG, Long HE, Dongxia XU, Min TANG, Shuai MA, Ximing WU. Flow control drag reduction of hub on coaxial rigid rotor aircraft [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(9): 529084-529084.
[3]	Changhao LIU, Yihua CAO, Xiaomeng MEI, Maosheng WANG, Guanglin ZHANG. Transport effectiveness evaluation of high⁃speed helicopters [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(9): 530182-530182.
[4]	Bowen NIE, Liangquan WANG, Zhiyin HUANG, Long HE, Shipeng YANG, Hongtao YAN, Guichuan ZHANG. Flight dynamics modeling and control scheme design of compound high-speed unmanned helicopters [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(9): 529848-529848.
[5]	Qichang CHEN, Zhiwei SHI, Weiyuan ZHANG, Linglong YAO, Shengxiang TONG. Aerodynamic layout and control strategy design and flight verification of a wing⁃foldable variant VTOL aircraft [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(6): 629583-629583.
[6]	Liu LIU, Xianhong XIANG, Yufei ZHANG, Haixin CHEN, Chuang WEI, Jian ZHU, Pu YANG. A high lift-to-drag ratio unconventional blended-wing-body aerodynamic configuration with swallow tail [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(6): 629630-629630.
[7]	Haixing LI, Feng ZHOU, Wei YAN, Feng BAI, Keliang ZHAO. Effects of roughness ice on aerodynamic performance of civil aircraft horizontal tail [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(2): 128657-128657.
[8]	Yu LIU, Mengjie QIN, Qiang WANG, Xian YI. Scaling law for salty sea spray icing wind tunnel test [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(S2): 729297-729297.
[9]	Qiuming YANG, Yongfeng ZHU, Huawei CHEN, Xiaolin LIU. Anti-icing performance test investigation on hollowed patterning electric heating module [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(S2): 729334-729334.
[10]	Shiqi GAO, Bo DING, Xuzhen XIE, Zheng LI, Lin CHEN, Shouyuan QIAN, Zihan JIAO, Guanghui BAI. Drag reduction mechanism using plasma synthetic jet in high⁃speed flow [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(S2): 729373-729373.
[11]	Lingsong XU, Yuan WU, Dongyu ZHU, Fukun ZHANG, Yu LIU. A wing pitch oscillation mechanism for FL⁃61 icing wind tunnel [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(S2): 729296-729296.
[12]	Yi JIN, Shu SUN, Yunjie GUO, Huijun TAN, Yue ZHANG. Dual solution internal flow phenomenon and throttling characteristics of a supersonic variable inlet [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(7): 127134-127134.
[13]	Junhong LI, Xuhong JIN, Chunfeng LIU, Wenbo MIAO, Xiaoli CHENG. Microaerodynamic experiment and computation of near space high speed vehicles [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(6): 127072-127072.
[14]	Xian’ang ZENG, Dongqiang ZHAO, Junjie LI, Zezhou YAN, Chengyu LIU. Wind tunnel test on gust alleviation control strategies of elastic wing [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(4): 226869-226869.
[15]	Chang LIU, Yunlong ZHANG, Zhijiang YAN, Lei ZHAO, Chen JI. Wind tunnel test of fluctuating pressure on aeroelastic scaled model of hammerhead launch vehicle [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(23): 128384-128384.