Fig.1

A single vortex tube model

Fig.2

Schematic diagram of computing domain

Fig.3

Computational domain grid

Fig.4

Calculation results of different mesh number

Fig.5

Comparison of calculation results

Table 1

Working condition of ambient temperature influence

Fig.6

Freezing condition of vortex tube lip at different temperatures

Fig.7

Results of two-dimensional ice patterns at different temperatures

Fig.8

Maximum and average icing thickness of vortex tube lip at different temperatures

Table 2

Working conditions of effect of average volume diameter of water droplets

Fig.9

Freezing condition of vortex tube lip with different average volume diameters of water droplets

Fig.10

Results of two-dimensional ice patterns with different average volume diameters of water droplets

Fig.11

Maximum and average icing thickness of vortex tube lip with different average volume diameters of water droplets

Table 3

Working conditions of incoming flow velocity effect

Fig.12

Freezing condition of vortex lip with different incoming flow velocities

Fig.13

Two-dimensional ice pattern results with different incoming flow velocities

Fig.14

Maximum and average icing thickness of vortex tube lip with different incoming flow velocities

Table 4

Working conditions of liquid water content effect

Fig.15

Freezing condition of vortex tube lip with different liquid water content

Fig.16

Results of two-dimensional ice patterns under different liquid water content

Fig.17

Maximum and average icing thickness of vortex tube lip with different liquid water content

Table 5

Orthogonal table and results of calculating conditions of vortex tube lip icing

Table 6

Mean and range of the results calculated at each level for each factor

Table 7

Performance loss due to vortex tube freezing