航空学报 > 2026, Vol. 47 Issue (17): 332611-332611   doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.32611

直升机边界保护控制方法综述

王重, 郎金溪, 李俨()   

  1. 西北工业大学 自动化学院,西安 710129
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23 修回日期:2025-10-09 接受日期:2026-05-08 出版日期:2026-06-03 发布日期:2026-05-28
  • 通讯作者: 李俨 E-mail:liyan@nwpu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(62403385);国家自然科学基金(62573353);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金

Survey of flight envelope protection control methods for helicopters

Zhong WANG, Jinxi LANG, Yan LI()   

  1. School of Automation,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China
  • Received:2025-07-23 Revised:2025-10-09 Accepted:2026-05-08 Online:2026-06-03 Published:2026-05-28
  • Contact: Yan LI E-mail:liyan@nwpu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(62403385);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

摘要:

直升机因其独特的飞行能力在军事与民用领域得到广泛应用,但其复杂的飞行包线和固有的非线性、强耦合动力学特性,使得飞行安全面临严格的边界限制。飞行边界保护技术旨在通过预测潜在的越限风险并采取有效的避免措施,以降低飞行员工作负荷、提升飞行安全和最大化可用机动性能,是现代直升机飞行控制领域的核心研究方向。系统综述了直升机飞行边界保护的关键技术和研究进展。首先概述了直升机飞行边界的构成、分类及其典型限制参数。随后,按照“边界预测”与“边界规避”两大核心环节,详细阐述了多种边界保护方法。在边界预测方面,重点分析了动态配平法、峰值响应估计法和数据驱动方法的原理和适用性;在边界规避方面,评述了基于座舱告警的边界保护策略,以及基于指令限制和控制限制的自动干预架构、基于状态限制和保护量反馈的边界规避方法,以及边界约束与控制律的融合设计等方法。通过对不同边界保护方法的仿真对比,展现了各种方法在机动性、边界保护效果和鲁棒性等方面的特点。最后,总结了当前研究面临的主要挑战,包括先进构型直升机的边界保护策略设计、边界保护与飞行品质的权衡以及不确定性与故障下的鲁棒容错边界保护等,并对未来向智能化、自适应化和一体化发展的趋势进行了展望。旨在为直升机边界保护技术的研究与工程应用提供有价值的参考。

关键词: 直升机, 边界保护, 边界预测, 边界规避, 飞行控制

Abstract:

Helicopters are extensively utilized in both military and civilian sectors due to their unique flight capabilities. However, their operational safety is constrained by complex flight envelopes and inherent nonlinear, strongly-coupled dynamics. Flight Envelope Protection (FEP) technology, which aims to mitigate these limitations by predicting potential limit exceedances and implementing effective avoidance measures, has emerged as a critical research area in modern helicopter flight control to reduce pilot workload, enhance flight safety, and maximize available maneuverability. A comprehensive review of the key technologies and research progress in helicopter FEP are presented. Firstly, the composition, classification, and typical limit parameters of the helicopter flight envelope are outlined. Subsequently, following the two fundamental stages of “limit prediction” and “limit avoidance” , a variety of envelope protection methods are elaborated. For limit prediction, the principles and applicability of prominent algorithms such as the dynamic trim method, the peak response estimation method, and the data-driven method are analyzed. For limit avoidance, cockpit-cueing-based protection strategies, automatic intervention architectures based on command limiting and control limiting, limit avoidance via state limiting and protected variable feedback methods, and approaches that integrate envelope constraints into controller design are reviewed. A comparative analysis based on simulation results highlights the distinct characteristics of these methods in terms of maneuverability, envelope protection effectiveness, and robustness. Finally, the primary challenges in the field are summarized, including the design of envelope protection for advanced rotorcraft configurations, the trade-off between FEP and handling qualities and the robust fault-tolerant envelope protection under uncertainties and fault conditions. Future trends toward more intelligent, adaptive, and integrated FEP systems are further discussed. This review is intended to provide a valuable reference for both research and engineering applications in helicopter FEP technology.

Key words: helicopter, envelope protection, limit prediction, limit avoidance, flight control

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