超导型磁等离子体动力推力器发展历程及技术分析-深空探测前沿技术

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.33845

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超导型磁等离子体动力推力器发展历程及技术分析-深空探测前沿技术

吴鹏¹,周成¹,汤海滨²,王戈¹,李永³

1. 北京控制工程研究所
2. 北京航空航天大学宇航学院
3. 北京控制工程研究所（502）

收稿日期:2026-05-08 修回日期:2026-08-30 出版日期:2026-09-10 发布日期:2026-09-10
通讯作者: 吴鹏
基金资助:
等离子体动力推力器光机电联合测试理论与方法

Development History and Technical Analysis of Superconducting Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster

Received:2026-05-08 Revised:2026-08-30 Online:2026-09-10 Published:2026-09-10
Contact: Peng WU

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着人类空间探索活动的持续拓展，传统化学推进系统已难以满足长航程深空探测与近地轨道商业卫星组网的性能需求。附加磁场磁等离子体动力推力器（Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster, AF-MPDT）作为典型的电磁型电推进技术，兼具高比冲与高推力密度的核心优势，被公认为未来大功率深空探测任务的核心候选推进技术，而高温超导技术的引入进一步突破了传统AF-MPDT的磁场强度与系统功耗瓶颈。本文阐述了AF-MPDT的核心工作原理与加速机制，全面总结了全球超导型AF-MPDT的研究现状，回顾了国内AF-MPDT技术从数十千瓦的原理样机到百千瓦级超导样机的发展历程，分析了高场强超导磁体空间适配、强磁环境长寿命阴极、强磁-等离子体耦合加速三大核心关键技术的研究进展。当前超导型AF-MPDT的研制仍面临诸多挑战：高温超导磁体的空间环境适应性与可靠性有待验证、强磁环境下阴极寿命与电极腐蚀问题尚未完全解决、兆瓦级大功率工况下的等离子体约束与加速机理仍需深入研究。最后，本文对超导型AF-MPDT的未来发展方向进行了展望，以期为该领域的相关研究提供参考。

关键词: 深空探测, 电推进技术, 附加场磁等离子体动力推力器, 超导技术, 发展历程

Abstract: With the continuous expansion of human space exploration activities, traditional chemical propulsion systems can hardly meet the performance requirements of long-range deep space exploration and low-Earth orbit commercial satellite constellations. As a typical electromagnetic electric propulsion technology, the Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster (AF-MPDT) combines the core advantages of high specific impulse and high thrust density, and is widely recognized as a key candidate propulsion technology for future high-power deep space exploration missions. The introduction of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) technology has further broken through the bottlenecks of magnetic field strength and system power consumption in traditional AF-MPDTs. This paper elaborates the core operating principle and acceleration mechanism of AF-MPDTs, comprehensively summarizes the global research status of superconducting AF-MPDTs, reviews the development history of domestic AF-MPDT technology from tens-of-kilowatt prototypes to hundred-kilowatt-class superconducting thrusters, and analyzes the research progress of three core key technologies: space adaptation of high-field superconducting magnets, long-life cathodes under strong magnetic fields, and strong magnetic field-plasma coupling acceleration. The current development of superconducting AF-MPDTs still faces many challenges: the space environment adaptability and reliability of high-temperature superconducting magnets remain to be verified, the issues of cathode life and electrode erosion under strong magnetic fields have not been fully resolved, and the plasma confinement and acceleration mechanisms under megawatt-class high-power operating conditions still require in-depth investigation. Finally, this paper prospects the future development directions of superconducting AF-MPDTs, with the aim of providing reference for relevant research in this field.

Key words: Deep Space Exploration, Electric Propulsion Technology, Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster (AF-MPDT), Superconducting Technology, Development History

中图分类号:

V439

吴鹏周成汤海滨王戈李永. 超导型磁等离子体动力推力器发展历程及技术分析-深空探测前沿技术[J]. 航空学报, doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.33845.

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主管单位：中国科学技术协会主办单位：中国航空学会北京航空航天大学

超导型磁等离子体动力推力器发展历程及技术分析-深空探测前沿技术

Development History and Technical Analysis of Superconducting Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster

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