Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (11): 531482.doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2025.31482
• Reviews • Previous Articles
Xuejun ZHANG1,2, Chenglong LI1,3(
), Zhiyuan ZHANG3, Yuan ZHENG4
Received:2024-11-01
Revised:2024-12-18
Accepted:2025-01-20
Online:2025-02-13
Published:1900-01-01
Contact:
Chenglong LI
E-mail:lcl@cafuc.edu.cn
Supported by:CLC Number:
Xuejun ZHANG, Chenglong LI, Zhiyuan ZHANG, Yuan ZHENG. Constructing in-time risk management capabilities for low-altitude aviation systems: Concepts, technologies, and challenges[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(11): 531482.
Table 3
Relevant research projects for law-altitude CNS
| 项目/研究 | 开始年份 | 主要内容及应用示范 | 局限性 | 技术成熟度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reliable and secure Surveillance, Communications And Navigation (RSCAN) | 2016 | 开发了集成多种技术的可靠安全CNS架构,并从技术适用性及实施情况进行了全面分析[ | 通信时延较高、射频干扰影响显著,GNSS在高干扰或遮挡区域精度下降,多无人机易出现信息拥堵和延迟问题 | 实际环境验证 |
| Reliable, Secure, and Scalable CNS Options for UAM | 2019 | 为UAM中等成熟度下的运行提供可靠、安全和可拓展的CNS选项,推荐5G、LEO卫星、多传感器融合和高精度GNSS增强为核心技术选项[ | 通信带宽受限、城市信号衰减严重以及多技术融合的标准化问题仍需进一步解决 | 技术概念 |
| DroC2om | 2017 | 开发了蜂窝-卫星组合通信网络架构,并在丹麦进行多场景的飞行测试,场景涵盖城市和郊区[ | 双网络连接显著提升了可靠性,但随着无人机飞行高度增加,信号干扰问题仍然存在 | 实际环境验证 |
| Integrated Common Altitude Reference system for U-Space (ICARUS) | 2020 | 基于卫星导航数据、实时地理信息、气象数据等为无人机提供高度参考服务[ | 在技术误差、实时性与计算能力等方面仍存在不足 | 实际环境验证 |
| The Clear Air Situation for uaS (CLASS) | 2020 | 基于卫星定位的合作监视与基于地面雷达和机器学习分类的非合作监视技术,结合数据融合技术整合多源数据以构建精准的空中态势图[ | 在高密度场景扩展性、数据可靠性和标准化方面仍面临显著挑战 | 实际环境验证 |
| 低空智联网 | 2021 | 基于地面网络、空中平台组成的近地空间以及低轨卫星网络,实现“人-机-物”三元融合智能互联。在长江南京段进行了低空运行典型场景应用示范,集通信、导航、监视、气象于一体,实现航空大数据分析和智能化辅助决策[ | 存在频谱资源干扰与紧缺、网络资源安全融合困难等关键问题 | 实际环境验证 |
| 北斗低空综合应用示范 | 2023 | 在湖南建成中国首个覆盖全省的低空空域监视网,增强了低空500 m以下通用航空器及无人机的监视通信能力[ | 尚未涉及高密度运行场景与城市内复杂电磁干扰背景下的运行场景 | 实际环境验证 |
Table 4
Relevant research for risk assessment framework
| 框架/项目 | 研究机构 | 开始年份 | 主要内容 | 局限性 | 技术成熟度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) | Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems (JARUS) | 2016 | 运行前从对地和对空两方面定性评估无人机低空运行对其他相关第三方所造成的风险[ | 仅对运行前的场景作定性评估,不涉及评估运行计划,目前尚未发布定量评估方法 | 实际系统成功运行 |
| UTM Risk Assessment Framework (URAF) | NASA | 2017 | 结合定量与定性实时评估无人机运行造成地面人员伤亡的风险,包含概率图模型、异常情况轨迹与碰撞点预测模型以及毁伤估计模型[ | 仅评估无人机运行对地面公众伤亡风险,未涉及对空中有人机的风险 | 模拟环境验证 |
| U-space Air and Ground Risk modEls Enhancement (U-AGREE) | SESAR | 2024 | 使用定量方法对 SORA 改进,并结合安全、安保、隐私和环境等方面可能负面影响提出一个综合风险模型[ | 尚处于起步阶段,未有具体成果 | 技术概念 |
Table 5
Relevant research for low-altitude risk assessment technology
| 风险类型 | 文献 | 年份 | 研究内容 | 主要内容 | 局限性 | 技术成熟度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空中碰撞风险 | [ | 2022 | 无人机相撞 | 提出一种基于速度随机分布的碰撞风险评估模型,分析碰撞风险与小型无人机密度的关系 | 仅评估2架无人机之间的碰撞风险,评估模型对评估情形和无人机数量不具有普适性 | 模拟仿真验证 |
| [ | 2022 | 无人机相撞 | 基于CNS性能生成风险保护区域,积分重合风险保护区域得到碰撞概率 | 需要进一步扩展分析框架以更全面地包含通信性能和相对动态的影响 | 模拟仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2022 | 无人机与 障碍物碰撞 | 讨论了在无人机空气动力学仿真中引入和模拟外部风特性的方法;模拟研究了稳态风和阵风对无人机轨迹偏差的影响 | 未充分考虑城市峡谷等局部风效应及无人机性能对碰撞风险的影响 | 模拟仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2023 | 无人机与 有人机相撞 | 基于概率密度函数,得到无人机入侵有人机终端区风险热力图 | 本方法得到的是碰撞风险的上限,偏向保守 | 实际数据仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2024 | 无人机相撞 | 基于运行意图重合部分计算碰撞概率 | 运行意图大小固定,未考虑无人机性能的影响 | 模拟仿真验证 | |
| 地面碰撞风险 | [ | 2021 | 人员伤亡 | 基于蒙特卡洛仿真、建立个人风险与社会风险模型,综合评估无人机对地风险 | 现有模型未充分涵盖非技术性风险及其对整体风险水平的影响 | 模拟仿真验证 |
| [ | 2022 | 无人机 系统失效 | 基于贝叶斯网络的模型,分析物流无人机失效致因概率;分别计算了不同工况下的地面碰撞事故概率和中间事件概率 | 基于已有数据的统计模型,模型对数据数量与质量的敏感 | 实际数据仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2022 | 人员伤亡 | 融合动力学模型和深度神经网络模型评估 | 模型的验证场景单一,通用性尚需通过多场景应用验证 | 实际数据仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2022 | 人员伤亡 | 基于数据驱动分析人口密度时空特征对地面人口风险的关系 | 数据驱动方法对数据数量与质量的敏感;未考虑无人机之间的碰撞导致的坠落风险 | 实际数据仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2022 | 无人机物流 | 建立由物流无人机和货物分离坠地造成的地面人员伤亡计算模型、经济损失计算模型,综合损失建立风险评估矩阵 | 固定无人机坠地概率,模型较为理想化 | 实际数据仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2024 | 无人机坠地 | 基于卫星图像中的高分辨率数据与K-Means聚类方法提取城市地面特征,并采用多层方法评估无人机运行的风险分布 | 高分辨率风险地图对存储和计算资源要求较高 | 实际数据仿真验证 | |
| 总体风险 | [ | 2024 | 危险源识别 | 基于数据驱动分析事故,建立贝叶斯网络模型揭示风险因素与无人机事故发生概率及其严重程度之间的关系 | 数据驱动方法对数据数量与质量的敏感 | 实际数据仿真验证 |
| [ | 2024 | 危险源识别 | 利用模糊贝叶斯网络识别和评估低空无人机运行的关键风险因素 | 依赖专家知识和模糊集方法,可能导致结果的主观性和不确定性 | 技术概念 |
Table 6
Relevant research for low-altitude separation management and deconfliction
| 类型 | 方法 | 文献 | 年份 | 技术特点/主要贡献 | 技术成熟度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
合作目标 协作式 冲突解脱 | 最优化 | [ | 2020 | 针对协同系统在三维空间内的实时避障问题,建立三维机动障碍的模型,设定系统遇障时的通行法则,选择飞行模式,进而确定最佳的避障平面及航迹 | 模拟仿真验证 |
| [ | 2022 | 利用混合整数线性规划,在给定的时间窗口内最小化所有航空器的总飞行时间 | 模拟仿真验证 | ||
| [ | 2022 | 通过最小化控制代价来生成平滑、高效的轨迹,保证轨迹的动态可行性和空间-时间的最优性;实际场景验证表明,该方法满足实时避撞、群体协同等多种任务需求,但在高密度环境中,计算复杂度可能仍会成为瓶颈 | 实际场景验证 | ||
| [ | 2024 | 面向无人机“群体”构建了无人机飞行计划多类型冲突协同推演模型,建立了基于多元策略自适应配置的无人机飞行计划优化调配模型 | 模拟仿真验证 | ||
| 强化学习 | [ | 2022 | 整合航空器性能,采用低空空域组织的多分辨率结构、用于速度剖面生成的高斯混合模型(GMM)和动态间隔标准,以支持高效的UAM运行 | 模拟仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2022 | 基于图神经网络,构建和协作式多智能体强化学习冲突解脱算法 | 模拟仿真验证 | ||
| [ | 2023 | 采用多智能体异步优势演员-评论家(MAA3C)框架,考虑了风场等不确定性 | 模拟仿真验证 | ||
| 博弈论 | [ | 2022 | 开发了一个基于博弈论的框架,采用分层粒子群优化算法为多架无人机生成高效可行的飞行路径,获得全局最优解 | 模拟仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2024 | 提出了一种新的无人机避碰决策架构,将多智能体避撞问题转化为一个重复的二人标准形博弈,并设计了支付函数来捕获可行行动的安全性和效率 | 模拟仿真验证 | ||
| 复杂网络 | [ | 2019 | 碰撞方法包括关键节点选择和碰撞方向选择两步,具体为基于节点收缩方法来选取需要优先进行机动的关键无人机,再根据目标函数来改变高度 | 模拟仿真验证 | |
非合作目标 避撞 | 最优化 | [ | 2020 | 提出了一种完整的“教学-重复-重规划”框架,使用滑动窗口的局部重新规划方法,实时调整飞行轨迹以避开动态障碍物;实际场景验证了该方法在动态环境下的轨迹平滑性和避障性能 | 实际场景验证 |
| [ | 2024 | 提出了一种结合扩展卡尔曼滤波器的线性模型预测控制算法,实现了城市空中交通环境中对动态障碍物的实时避障与轨迹优化 | 模拟仿真验证 | ||
| [ | 2024 | 提出了一种基于多指标动态优先级的单边避碰机制与基于拥堵权值地图的Lazy Theta*算法,构建了“路径重规划+起点等待”的局部冲突组合规避策略 | 模拟仿真验证 | ||
| 强化学习 | [ | 2020 | 提出来一个去中心化的按需避撞框架,系统地将强化学习与协作模型预测控制相结合 | 模拟仿真验证 | |
| [ | 2023 | 基于D3QN模型,在奖励中引入预计到达时间(ETA)约束,提高准时率,避免二次冲突 | 模拟仿真验证 | ||
| 在线规划 | [ | 2021 | 将UAM避撞表述为马尔可夫决策过程,并使用在线算法蒙特卡洛树搜索来解决 | 模拟仿真验证 |
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Total visits: 6658907 Today visits: 1341

