氢能源与纯电民机航程分析

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2024.31087

Abstract

Abstract:

With the increasingly strict carbon emission policy， green air travel has become one of the new goals of civil aircraft design. The efficiency of civil aircraft engines with traditional energy is limited， making it difficult to significantly reduce carbon emissions. Therefore， design schemes of new energy have become a hot research topic. The factors affecting the range of hydrogen turbofan， hydrogen fuel cell and fully electric aircraft are summarized. The range of hydrogen turbofan aircraft （lift-drag ratio is 17， operating empty weight fraction is 0.6） increases with the increase of hydrogen tank system mass fraction and hydrogen storage mass fraction. Under the current hydrogen storage mass fraction of 15%， the maximum range of hydrogen turbofan civil aircraft can reach 3 800 km. When the hydrogen storage mass fraction reaches 32%–36%， the hydrogen turbofan civil aircraft will achieve the same range as the fuel aircraft. The range of hydrogen fuel cell aircraft （lift-drag ratio is 17， operating empty weight fraction is 0.6） increases with the increase of hydrogen fuel cell power density， and the range decreases with the increase of flight speed.Under the current conditions of hydrogen storage mass fraction of 15% and hydrogen fuel cell power density of 2 kW/kg， the maximum range of hydrogen fuel cell regional and narrow-body aircraft can reach 4 000 km， though achieving high-speed flight remains challenging. When the hydrogen fuel cell power density increases to 3 kW/kg， the aircraft will be able to cruise at Mach number 0.75.The range of fully electric aircraft （good lift-drag ratio is 18， operating empty weight fraction is 0.6） increases linearly with the increase of lift-drag ratio， battery energy density and battery mass fraction. Under the current battery energy density of 200 W·h/kg， the maximum range of the fully electric aircraft can reach 200–300 km. When the battery energy density reaches 500 W·h/kg， the maximum range can reach 700 km.

Key words: hydrogen energy aircraft, electric aircraft, hydrogen fuel cell aircraft, lost range, hydrogen storage mass fractions

CLC Number:

V221.8

Chuihuan KONG, Zhouwei FAN, Jiahua DAI, Nanbo XU, Zhaoguang TAN, Lijun PAN. Range analysis of civil aircraft using hydrogen energy and electricity[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(9): 331087.

Figures/Tables 25

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Table 1

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

Fig.12

Fig.13

Fig.14

Fig.15

Fig.16

Fig.17

Fig.18

Fig.19

Fig.20

Fig.21

Fig.22

Fig.23

Fig.24

References 32

1	纪宇晗，孙侠生，俞笑，等. 双碳战略下的新能源航空发展展望［J］. 航空科学技术， 2022， 33（12）： 1-11.
	JI Y H， SUN X S， YU X， et al. Development prospect of new energy aviation under carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals［J］. Aeronautical Science & Technology， 2022， 33（12）： 1-11 （in Chinese）.
2	BRAVO-MOSQUERA P D， CATALANO F M， ZINGG D W. Unconventional aircraft for civil aviation： A review of concepts and design methodologies［J］. Progress in Aerospace Sciences， 2022， 131： 100813.
3	孔垂欢，吴大卫，谭兆光，等. 三翼面验证机纯电方案设计［J］. 航空学报， 2024， 45（6）： 629618.
	KONG C H， WU D W， TAN Z G， et al. Design of fully electric scheme for three-surface verification aircraft［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2024， 45（6）： 629618 （in Chinese）.
4	FELDER J L. NASA electric propulsion system studies： GRC-E-DAA-TN28410‍［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 2015.
5	王妙香. NASA亚声速大型飞机电推进技术研究综述［J］. 航空科学技术， 2019， 30（11）： 22-29.
	WANG M X. Overview of NASA electrified aircraft propulsion research for large subsonic transports［J］. Aeronautical Science & Technology， 2019， 30（11）： 22-29 （in Chinese）.
6	JANSEN R， BOWMAN C， JANKOVSKY A， et al. Overview of NASA electrified aircraft propulsion （EAP） research for large subsonic transports： AIAA-2017-4701［R］. Reston： AIAA， 2017.
7	WELSTEAD J， FELDER J L. Conceptual design of a single-aisle turboelectric commercial transport with fuselage boundary layer ingestion： AIAA-2016-1027［R］. Reston： AIAA， 2016
8	IATA. Net zero roadmap［EB/OL］. ［2024-08-22］. .
9	段辰龙，李岩，徐悦，等. 电动飞机发展关键技术与总体性能关联性分析［J］. 飞行力学， 2021， 39（2）： 39-44.
	DUAN C L， LI Y， XU Y， et al. Analysis on the relationship of key technology for electric aircraft development and overall performance［J］. Flight Dynamics， 2021， 39（2）： 39-44 （in Chinese）.
10	COLOZZA A J， KOHOUT L. Hydrogen storage for aircraft applications overview： NASA/CR-2002-211867 ［R］. Washington， D.C.： NASA， 2002.
11	FAN L X， TU Z K， CHAN S H. Recent development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies： A review［J］. Energy Reports， 2021， 7： 8421-8446.
12	ADLER E J， MARTINS J R R A. Hydrogen-powered aircraft： Fundamental concepts， key technologies， and environmental impacts［J］. Progress in Aerospace Sciences， 2023， 141： 100922.
13	LIU L. Model-based technology roadmapping of sustainable aviation technologies［D］. Cambridge： Massachusetts Institute of Technology， 2023.
14	Airbus. Airbus reveals new zero-emission concept aircraft［EB/OL］. （2020-09-21）［2024-08-22］. .
15	German Aerospace Center. Zero emission aviation： German aviation research white paper ［EB/OL］. ［2024-08-22］. .
16	SOSOUNOV V， ORLOV V. Experimental turbofan using liquid hydrogen and liquid natural gas as fuel： AIAA-1990-2421［R］. Reston： AIAA， 1990.
17	BALLI O， OZBEK E， EKICI S， et al. Thermodynamic comparison of TF33 turbofan engine fueled by hydrogen in benchmark with kerosene‍［J］. Fuel， 2021， 306： 121686.
18	CORCHERO G， MONTAÑÉS J L. An approach to the use of hydrogen for commercial aircraft engines［J］. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers， Part G： Journal of Aerospace Engineering， 2005， 219（1）： 35-44.
19	张扬军，彭杰，钱煜平，等. 氢能航空的关键技术与挑战［J］. 航空动力， 2021（1）： 20-23.
	ZHANG Y J， PENG J， QIAN Y P， et al. Key technologies and challenges of hydrogen powered aviation‍［J］. Aerospace Power， 2021（1）： 20-23 （in Chinese）.
20	JENKINSON L R， SIMPKIN P， RHODES D. Civil jet aircraft design［M］. Reston： AIAA， 1999： 114-175.
21	陈迎春，宋文滨，刘洪. 民用飞机总体设计［M］. 上海：上海交通大学出版社， 2010： 29-32.
	CHEN Y C， SONG W B， LIU H. Civil aircraft design［M］. Shanghai： Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press， 2010： 29-32 （in Chinese）.
22	MUKHOPADHAYA J， RUTHERFORD D. Performance analysis of evolutionary hydrogen-powered aircraft［EB/OL］. （2022-01-26）［2024-08-22］. .
23	MUKHOPADHAYA J， GRAVER B. Performance analysis of regional electric aircraft ［EB/OL］. ［2024-08-22］. .
24	GNADT A R， SPETH R L， SABNIS J S， et al. Technical and environmental assessment of all-electric 180-passenger commercial aircraft［J］. Progress in Aerospace Sciences， 2019， 105： 1-30.
25	PALAIA G， SALEM K ABU， CARRERA E. Preliminary performance analysis of medium-range liquid hydrogen-powered box-wing aircraft‍［J］. Aerospace， 2024， 11（5）： 379.
26	LEE J J， LUKACHKO S P， WAITZ I A， et al. Historical and future trends in aircraft performance， cost， and emissions［J］. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment， 2001， 26： 167-200.
27	YOUNG T M. Performance of the jet transport airplane： Analysis methods， flight operations， and regulations［M］. Hoboken： John Wiley & Sons， Inc.，2018： 410-430.
28	Airbus S.A.S. A320Aircraft characteristics airport and maintenance planning［M］. Toulouse： Airbus S.A.S.，2016： 28-147.
29	Boeing Commercial Airplanes.737 airplane characteristics for airport planning： D6-58325-6［R］. Seattle： Boeing Commercial Airplanes， 2013： 23-96.
30	OBERT E. Aerodynamic design of transport aircraft［M］. IOS press， 2009： 224-264.
31	陈名乾. 民用飞机商载航程图解析方程的建立及应用［J］. 航空学报， 2019， 40（2）： 522407.
	CHEN M Q. Development and application of the analytic equation of the payload-range diagram for commercial aircraft［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2019， 40（2）： 522407 （in Chinese）.
32	STAACK I， SOBRON A， KRUS P. The potential of full-electric aircraft for civil transportation： From the Breguet range equation to operational aspects［J］. CEAS Aeronautical Journal， 2021， 12（4）： 803-819.

机型	升阻比	巡航马赫数	巡航高度/（10³ft）	推进总效率
机型A	16.3	0.78	35	0.35
机型B	16.8	0.78	35	0.32

[1]	Zhuoran ZHANG, Jian ZHANG, Guangyuan HU, Han XUE, Hanqi LI, Li YU. Thermal management technologies of high-power-density high-efficiency electric machine systems for more electric aircraft [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(6): 531380-531380.
[2]	Chuihuan KONG, Dawei WU, Zhaoguang TAN, Lijun PAN, Rubing MA, Jiangtao SI. Design of fully electric scheme for three⁃surface verification aircraft [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(6): 629618-629618.
[3]	Zhixing JI, Zhanxue WANG, Liwen CHENG, Jiang QIN, He LIU. Performance and matching analysis of gas turbine hybrid engine integrated with fuel cells in aviation [J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(10): 129326-129326.
[4]	SU Ning, HUANG Wenxin. Parallel power generation system based on dual-stator winding induction generator for electric propulsion aircraft [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2022, 43(8): 325409-325409.
[5]	ZHANG Bendong, JIANG Jun, LI Zhi, LI Shimin, ZHANG Chaohai. Partial discharge characteristics of future more electric aircraft under low air pressure [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2022, 43(7): 325374-325374.
[6]	ZONG Jian'an, ZHU Bingjie, HOU Zhongxi, YANG Xixiang. Design of hybrid-electric fixed-wing VTOL aircraft propulsion system [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2022, 43(5): 225395-225395.
[7]	RAO Chong, ZHANG Tiejun, WEI Chuang, LIU Ying. Influence mechanism of propeller slipstream on wing of a distributed electric aircraft scheme [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(S1): 726387-726387.
[8]	LIU Haigang, LIU Liang, WANG Peng, ZHOU Wei. Model based simulation and analysis of energy optimization characteristics of more-electric aircraft [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(8): 525801-525801.
[9]	ZHANG Zhuoran, XU Yanwu, YU Li, LI Jincai, XIA Yiwen. Parallel HVDC electric power system for more-electric-aircraft: State of the art and key technologies [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(6): 624069-624069.
[10]	YANG Fengtian, FAN Zhenwei, XIANG Song, LIU Yuanqiang, ZHAO Weiping. Technical innovation and practice of electric aircraft in China [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(3): 624619-624619.
[11]	LIU Yuanqiang, WANG Yanbing, XIANG Song, WANG Mengqi. Noise characteristics of propellers with different blade tips for electric aircraft [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(3): 624567-624567.
[12]	FAN Zhenwei, YANG Fengtian, LI Yadong, XIANG Song, ZHAO Weiping. Design and test of two-seater electric aircraft [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(3): 623972-623972.
[13]	HUANG Jun. Survey on design technology of distributed electric propulsion aircraft [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(3): 624037-624037.
[14]	WANG Shuli, SUN Jinbo, KANG Guiwen, MA Shaohua. Energy efficiency optimization method for electric aircraft propulsion system [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2021, 42(3): 623942-623942.
[15]	ZHANG Zhuoran, LI Jincai, HAN Jianbin, LU Jiawei, SHI Heng. Research and implementation of high-power high-voltage DC brushless starter generator system for more-electric-aircraft [J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2020, 41(2): 323537-323537.

Range analysis of civil aircraft using hydrogen energy and electricity

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 25

References 32

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments