复合材料海水湿热老化机理与拉伸损伤特征

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2024.31729

Abstract

Abstract:

The hot and humid， salt-laden of seawater can affect the properties and service life of composite materials. Hygrothermal aging tests were conducted on Carbon Fiber Rein-forced Polymer （CFRP） in air， pure water， seawater， and seawater with a tenfold concentration. The moisture absorption model for seawater aging under cyclic temperature variation was modified based on Fick’s diffusion law. Additionally， quasistatic tensile tests were performed to assess the mechanical properties after the composites absorbed moisture to saturation. A stepwise coupled simulation strategy that accounts for hygrothermal stress is proposed to predict the tensile damage behavior of composites after moisture absorption. In this strategy， the hygrothermal stress field is obtained incrementally， and the resulting stress is incorporated into the tensile simulation model. This approach allows the effects of hygrothermal expansion on material cracking to be included in the mechanical calculations. Based on experimental results and simulations， the moisture absorption characteristics and tensile damage behavior of composites under various environmental conditions after moisture absorption were investigated. The main findings are as follows： the modified moisture absorption model and the stepwise coupled simulation strategy effectively characterize the hygroscopic process in multi-concentration environments at cyclic temperatures and the effects of hygrothermal expansion on material mechanical properties. Saturated moisture absorption decreases with increasing concentration， and the rate of moisture absorption is directly proportional to temperature but inversely proportional to concentration. The modulus of elasticity of aged CFRP decreases weakly with increasing concentration， and the strength limit decreases slightly. The degradation of the resin matrix properties is the primary aging influence. The failure modes of specimens affected by aging can be categorized as sheet fracture， explosive fiber-strip fragmentation， and fiber-resin pullout damage. These modes are due to the more pronounced aging effects of higher seawater concentration on the resin matrix， resulting in weakened fiber-resin bonding.

Key words: CFRP, seawater aging, Fick’s diffusion law, moisture absorption, mechanical degradation, failure mode

CLC Number:

V258

Tianzhen LI, Jingchao WEI, Yong CAO, Jingyu LIU, Yongcun LI, Wenzhi WANG. Mechanism of seawater hydrothermal aging and tensile damage characteristics of composite materials[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(22): 431729.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1

Table 1

Fig.2

Table 2

Fig.3

Table 3

Material properties of T300/YB01 composites

材料	参数	取值
CFRP	密度	ρ=1 600 kg·m^-3
	模量	E₁=115 GPa，E₂=E₃=8.8 GPa，G₁₂=G₁₃=4 GPa，G₂₃=3.8 GPa
	泊松比	γ₁₂=γ₁₃=0.312，γ₂₃=0.442
	强度	X_T=1 800 MPa，X_C=1 000 MPa，Y_T=80 MPa，Y_C=110 MPa，S₁₂=S₁₃=S₂₃=55 MPa
	断裂能	G_ft=133 N·mm^-1，G_fc=40 N·mm^-1，G_mt=0.6 N·mm^-1，G_mc=2.1 N·mm^-1
加入Cohesive	模量	E=5 GPa
	强度	N=S=30 MPa
	断裂能	$G n C$ =0.6 N·mm^-1， $G s C$ =2.1 N·mm^-1

Table 3

Fig.4

Table 4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

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试验液体	含量/g
试验液体	NaCl	MgCl₂	Na₂SO₄	CaCl₂	KCl	NaHCO₃	KBr	H₃BO₃	SrCl₂	NaF
标准液^［37］	24.530	5.200	4.090	1.160	0.695	0.201	0.101	0.027	0.025	0.003
模拟液	24.842	5.091	4.094	1.303	0.694	0.195	0.010	0.026	0.018	0.003

温度/℃	时间/h	扩散系数/（10^-3 mm²·h^-1）
温度/℃	时间/h	纯水	海水	10倍浓度海水
40	0~240	0.391	0.417	0.222
40	240~696	0.391	0.417	0.256
70	696~804	2.904	2.351	0.708
40	804~912	0.329	0.265	0.306
70	912~1 020	2.485	1.963	0.441
40	1 020~1 152	0.250	0.099	0.189
70	1 152~2 640	3.846	9.757	0

试件条件	强度极限/MPa	失效应变/%	弹性模量/GPa
自然空气（N）	2 392.996	5.196	46.042
纯水（W）	2 346.636	5.210	45.049
海水（S）	2 311.747	5.167	44.771
10倍浓度海水（T）	2 316.573	5.237	44.279

Mechanism of seawater hydrothermal aging and tensile damage characteristics of composite materials

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