收稿日期:2024-09-30
修回日期:2024-10-21
接受日期:2025-04-16
出版日期:2025-05-14
发布日期:2025-05-06
通讯作者:
朱永文
E-mail:tianyiliang_zyw@163.com
基金资助:
Fan PU, Zhijie CHEN, Yang LIU, Xin GENG, Yongwen ZHU(
), Kejin REN
Received:2024-09-30
Revised:2024-10-21
Accepted:2025-04-16
Online:2025-05-14
Published:2025-05-06
Contact:
Yongwen ZHU
E-mail:tianyiliang_zyw@163.com
Supported by:摘要:
数字低空通过在信息空间内数字化重构物理飞行空域,形成数字低空基础框架,将面向对象的传统空域管理模式转化为面向空域资源的计算与优化问题,充分发挥空域空间不变性优势,降低大规模异构对象管控业务的复杂度。在此基础上,还需建立从信息获取与处理的基础设施到人、机、域交通协同调控的业务逻辑的完整技术体系,支撑低空空域安全高效运行。首先梳理了低空空管的数字化发展趋势;其次介绍了为低空空管提供核心数据的信息基础设施;再基于空域数字基础框架论述了融合运行的关键技术难点,为安全高效的数字低空融合运行技术体系构建研提出可行技术路径;最后提出了数字低空空管的发展建议,为未来数字低空空中交通管理能力的升级和相关学科的发展提供了参考,以期保障低空融合运行安全有序、促进低空经济健康发展。
中图分类号:
蒲钒, 陈志杰, 刘杨, 耿欣, 朱永文, 任柯锦. 数字低空融合运行空中交通管理技术[J]. 航空学报, 2025, 46(11): 531331.
Fan PU, Zhijie CHEN, Yang LIU, Xin GENG, Yongwen ZHU, Kejin REN. Air traffic management technologies for digital low-altitude integrated operations[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(11): 531331.
表1
各类通信系统的特点对比
| 通信系统 | 频率/MHz | 优点 | 缺点 | 适用性 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 甚高频通信 | 30~300 | 延时小、质量高、成本低 | 带宽小 | 有人机、无人机 |
| L波段数字航空通信 | 960~1 165 | 带宽高,通信距离远 | 频谱受限,网络容量小 | 有人机、大型无人机 |
| 蜂窝移动通信 | 900/1 800/3 500等 | 速率高、延迟低、网络容量大、 | 偏远地区基础设施覆盖少 | 有人机、无人机 |
| 蓝牙 | 2 500 | 成本低、体积小 | 传输距离短 | 小型无人机蜂群内 |
| 卫星通信 | C频段、Ku频段、 Ka频段 | 覆盖范围广 | 数据速率低,接收机重量大 | 有人机、管制空域中的大型无人机 |
| ZigBee | 900 | 成本低 | 版本繁多 | 近距离或超视距飞行小型无人机 |
| WIFI | 2 400 | 应用广泛、成本低 | 通信距离短 | 近距离飞行小型无人机 |
表4
各种地面监视手段的特点对比[51]
| 地面监视 | 优点 | 缺点 | 适用性 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 低空空管雷达 | 成本低 | 不具备目标识别和跟踪的功能 | 弥补预警探测网的盲区,形成临时飞行安全管制平台 |
| 多点定位 | 定位精度高、更新率快、覆盖广、 成本低 | 信号传播误差大、地面基站授时易 产生误差 | 适用于运行环境复杂的机场,或由于地理和气候条件限制无法部署雷达的区域 |
| 空空雷达 | 高精度、高分辨率 | 频带宽、波长短 | 航空器周边非合作目标监视 |
| 蜂窝移动监视技术 | 低时延、高带宽、高安全性 | 对空中区域的覆盖能力差 | 低空或超低空无人机执行外场任务 |
| 无人机云监视 | 监控部门协同管理、飞行数据 实时上报、飞行数据云存储 | 仅针对轻型以下无人机,需要依靠 移动通信网络 | 建立由航空器所有者、飞行服务部门、空管三者相互协调运行的管理体制,规范无人机飞行 |
表5
管制工作站主要组件及功能升级
| 模块 | 功能概述 |
|---|---|
| 多源监视数据处理 | 无人机/有人机多源异构监视数据的融合,无人机航迹动态跟踪、高度跟踪等 |
| 安全告警处理 | 无人机-有人机、无人机-无人机冲突告警,无人机限制区/危险区侵入告警,无人机最低安全高度告警等计算 |
| 飞行数据处理 | 无人机/有人机飞行计划管理、根据无人机飞行性能数据进行4D轨迹推算,无人机分配特定跑道和进离港程序 |
| 数据通信处理 | 外部数据引接,包含无人机平台等第三方数据、数字放行和数字化管制指令通信处理等 |
| 人机交互界面 | 无人机/有人机空中综合态势显示,支持划设无人机应急程序和区域 |
| 数字化指令交互 | 负责管制工作站与操控站/机载空管航电系统之间的数字化通信,主要包括据链管理、CPDLC应用和ADS-C应用 |
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