电动垂直起降飞行器的技术现状与发展

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2023.29937

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电动垂直起降飞行器的技术现状与发展

邓景辉()

中国直升机设计研究所，景德镇 333001

收稿日期:2023-12-04 修回日期:2023-12-12 接受日期:2024-01-11 出版日期:2024-03-21 发布日期:2024-03-21
通讯作者: 邓景辉 E-mail:djhz5421@163.com
基金资助:
国家级项目

Technical status and development of electric vertical take⁃off and landing aircraft

Jinghui DENG()

China Helicopter Research & Development Institute，Jingdezhen 333001，China

Received:2023-12-04 Revised:2023-12-12 Accepted:2024-01-11 Online:2024-03-21 Published:2024-03-21
Contact: Jinghui DENG E-mail:djhz5421@163.com
Supported by:
National Level Project

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电池、电机技术的进步和分布式电推进系统的应用极大促进了电动垂直起降飞行器的发展。本文概述了不同电动垂直起降飞行器构型优缺点及适用场景，并从性能、经济性等方面对电动垂直起降飞行器与常规燃油飞行器进行了全面对比。在噪声特性方面，电动垂直起降飞行器旋翼间、旋翼-机翼等干扰噪声更为突出，而低桨尖速度、大实度的电推进旋翼系统极大降低了全机噪声水平（噪声降低约15 dB）。在能源方面，锂离子电池是当前和未来电动垂直起降飞行器的主要能源；先进的电池材料体系、电池-机体结构一体化设计及优良的电池管理系统是未来提升全机能量密度和能源安全的有效方式。电动垂直起降飞行器冗余操纵特点增加了飞控系统设计难度，但同时也能够提高全机安全性；故障重构与协同控制是飞控系统设计面临的新课题。电动垂直起降飞行器不仅构型种类丰富且具有高压电动力、电推进、电传飞控、电作动等新颖设计特征，当前缺少试飞数据的情况下，基于系统的工程方法是开展其安全性设计的主要方法。

关键词: 分布式电推进, 电动垂直起降飞行器, 降噪设计, 气动干扰, 旋翼

Abstract:

The development of electric Vertical Take-off and Landing （eVTOL） aircraft is greatly promoted for the advances in battery and motor technologies and the application of distributed electric propulsion system. In this paper， the advantages and disadvantages of different eVTOL configurations and their application scenarios are summarized， and a comprehensive comparison between eVTOL and conventional fuel aircraft is made in terms of performance， noise and cost. The interaction noise by rotors and rotor-wing is more prominent for eVTOL， but the electric propulsion rotor system with low tip speed and large rotor solidity greatly reduces its noise level （about a reduction of 15 dB）. Lithium-ion batteries are the main energy source for current and future eVTOL. The advanced battery material system， integrated design of battery-structure and excellent battery management system are effective ways to improve the energy density and energy security of the whole aircraft in the future. The redundant manipulation of eVTOL increases the difficulty of flight control system design， but improves the safety of the whole aircraft at the same time. Fault reconstruction and collaborative control are new challenges faced by eVTOL. A wide variety of configurations and novel design features such as high voltage power， electric propulsion， flight-by-wire flight system and electric actuation are proposed for eVTOLs. In the absence of flight test data， the system-based method is the main method for safety design of eVTOL.

Key words: distributed electric propulsion, electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, noise abatement design, aerodynamic interaction, rotor

中图分类号:

V211.3

邓景辉. 电动垂直起降飞行器的技术现状与发展[J]. 航空学报, 2024, 45(5): 529937-529937.

Jinghui DENG. Technical status and development of electric vertical take⁃off and landing aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(5): 529937-529937.

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主管单位：中国科学技术协会主办单位：中国航空学会北京航空航天大学

构型	优势	劣势	适用场景
单旋翼	构型成熟、新型设计特征少	噪声水平高，安全性低	全电背景下已不是最优选择之一
多旋翼	技术难度最小、悬停效率高	巡航性能低、航程短、速度低	旅游观光、山区等短途场景
矢量推力	前飞巡航效率高、速度高、航程远	飞控等设计技术难度大	都市交通圈、应急救援、城际物流等搜索救援、补给、特种作战等
复合推力	前飞阻力略大、技术难度适中	飞控等设计技术难度较大
独立推力	技术难度较小、气动干扰小、结构简单	前飞阻力较大、巡航效率略、噪声略高

参数	Joby S2	罗宾逊R22	Van’s RV-7
座位数	2	2	2
起飞重量/lb	2 000	1 370	1 800
最大商载/lb	390	389	460
机翼面积/ft²	53.8		121
翼展/ft	29.5	25（旋翼直径）	25
纵横比	16.2		5.2
翼面载荷（lb·ft^-2）	37.2		14.9
桨盘载荷/（lb·ft^-2）	16.3	2.61
巡航速度/mph	200	110	199
航程/mile	200	165	775
巡航升力系数	0.52		0.19

成本	Joby S2	罗宾逊R22	Van’s RV-7	特斯拉Model S
价格/$	200 000	291 700	110 000	100 000
每英里能源成本/$	0.05	0.53	0.27	0.04
每英里运营成本/$	0.20	1.30	0.44	0.15

构型	最大起飞重量/kg	商载/kg	最大巡航速度/（km·h^-1）	航程/km
AS350松鼠	2 200	417	240	590
Joby S4	2 400	~400	322	241

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电动垂直起降飞行器的技术现状与发展

Technical status and development of electric vertical take⁃off and landing aircraft

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飞行器	空速/（m·s^-1）	最大A计权声压级/dBA
Joby S4	49	45
Joby S4	51	46
西锐 SR22	51	59
比奇男爵55	51	63
莱昂纳多AW109	51	61
贝尔209	51	58
罗宾逊R44	51	57