Fig.1

Schematic diagram of intake system of a turbo-shaft engine

Fig.2

Schematics of intake form of turbo-shaft engine

Fig.3

Effects of mesh cover icing and intake components anti-icing

Fig.4

Anti-icing design process for turbo-shaft engine

Fig.5

Sketch of engine structure with inlet system

Fig.6

Structure of inlet system

Fig.7

Schematic diagram of anti-icing flow path of intake components

Fig.8

Schematic diagrams of intake casing anti-icing

Fig.9

Schematic diagrams of anti-icing structures for load-bearing cylinder and inlet guide vanes

Fig.10

Schematic diagram of anti-icing valve principle

Table 1

Numerical simulation conditions of intake duct flow field

Fig.11

Schematic diagrams of flow field calculation mesh of engine intake duct

Fig.12

Distributions of velocity field inside intake duct （Condition B）

Fig.13

Total pressures contours of intake duct meridian section

Fig.14

Total pressure contours of intake duct outlet

Fig.15

Droplet collection coefficient distribution of flow path surface

Table 2

Bleed mass flow rate at anti-icing design point

Fig.16

Schematic diagram of anti-icing heat balance calculation mesh of intake component

Table 3

Thermal equibirium calculation status of anti-icing under ground idle condition

Fig.17

Wall temperature of intake component under hot air anti-icing under -20 ℃， ground idle condition

Fig.18

Schematic diagram of calculation domain of compressor flow field under hot air anti-icing conditions

Fig.19

Schematic diagram of inflow field of compressor （Condition A）

Fig.20

Influence on compressor characteristics under icing environment

Table 4

Performance parameters variation of compressor under icing environment

Fig.21

Airfoil profile schematic diagram of compressor first-stage rotor blade

Fig.22

Schematic diagram of finite element model when ice ball hits blades

Fig.23

Contours of von Mise stress when ice ball hits blades

Fig.24

Contour of axial blade deformation when ice ball hits blades

Table 5

Influence of icing environment on engine performace （Condition A）

Table 6

Influence of icing environment on engine performace （Condition B）

Fig.25

Schematic diagram of control laws under icing environment

Fig.26

Schematic diagram of engine acceleration limit under icing environment

Table 7

Comparsion between calculation and test of engine performance variation （Condition A）

Table 8

Comparsion between calculation and test of engine performance variation （Condition B）