Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (11): 531213.doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2024.31213
• Reviews • Previous Articles
Chuanyan FENG1,2, Shuang LIU2, Xiaoru WANYAN2, Menglong DING1, Daochun LI1,2, Yaoming ZHOU1,2(
)
Received:2024-09-18
Revised:2024-10-25
Accepted:2024-12-12
Online:2024-12-24
Published:2024-12-23
Contact:
Yaoming ZHOU
E-mail:zhouyaoming@buaa.edu.cn
Supported by:CLC Number:
Chuanyan FENG, Shuang LIU, Xiaoru WANYAN, Menglong DING, Daochun LI, Yaoming ZHOU. Research progress on key technologies for human factors design of unmanned aircraft systems[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(11): 531213.
Table 1
Summary of unique human factors challenges for unmanned aircraft systems[6-7,13,22-24]
| 人因挑战 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| 自然感官线索减少或缺失 | 无人机操作员依赖于机载传感器提供的感官信息,缺乏传统驾驶舱内外环境所具备的视听、嗅觉等直接感官输入,这限制了其情境意识维持以及导航、避撞、监控等任务执行。 |
| 通信链路带宽限制/延迟或情境信息获取不充分等 | 无人机操作员接收到的信息质量受无人机与地面站之间通信链路带宽的限制。此外,通信延迟以及无人机周围视觉环境的获取困难等也为达成最佳绩效带来了挑战。 |
| 自动化依赖 | 与传统的有人机系统能够自由切换自动驾驶和手动控制不同,无人机系统的设计本质上是让操作员远离无人机,依赖自动化系统进行基本的飞行控制,因此可能无法提供完全的飞行员手动控制选项。 |
| 过渡:移交、控制权转移和链路切换 | 无人机的控制权可在相邻地面站控制台或地理上分隔的地面站之间进行转移。然而,每次转移都可能面临匹配模式错误、控制设置不一致或沟通失败等问题。 |
| 地面站的物理特性 | 与传统的有人机驾驶舱不同,地面站更类似于控制中心或办公室,其空间相对宽敞,可以增加额外的信息显示,而无需将相关信息提前整合到有限的驾驶舱内。此外,除了考虑与飞行员驾驶舱相似的物理环境(如温度、照明等)和人机界面外,还需关注同事和维修等其他人员的影响。 |
| 基于消费类产品交互的广泛使用 | 地面站可使用商业消费类键盘、鼠标等办公室接口设备,但采用不同供应商的接口可能出现一致性和集成方面的问题。 |
| 无人机作业的非常规特性 | 单调、枯燥的长航时飞行可带来无人机操作员疲劳等问题。此外,缓慢的飞行模式及爬升/下降速度可能给空中交通管制员(Air Traffic Control,ATC)带来挑战。 |
| 单个无人机操作员同时控制多架无人飞行器(“一对多”) | 在无人机飞行作业中,单个操作员同时控制多架无人机的情况日益普遍。这虽然扩大了任务范围,但也带来了工作负荷和人与系统综合效能等方面的独特挑战。 |
Table 3
Results of human factors-related standards for unmanned aircraft systems
| 领域 | 发布组织或机构 | 类型 | 名称及对应章节或内容 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 国际 | 国际民航组织(International Civil Aviation Organization,ICAO) | 通告(Circular) | ICAO Cir 328《Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)》 7.4 Unusual Human Factors |
| 国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization,ISO) | ISO国际航空标准化技术委员会无人机系统分技术委员会(ISO/TC 20/SC 16) | ISO 21384-2:2021《Unmanned aircraft systems—Part 2: UAS components》 12.3.3 Human factors engineering and ergonomics design;ISO 21384-3:2023《Unmanned aircraft systems—Part 3: Operational procedures》 9.6 Personnel qualification and management;ISO 23665: 2023《Unmanned aircraft systems—Training for personnel involved in UAS operations》 A.4.10 Human factors1 | |
| 中国 | 国家市场监督管理总局/国家标准化管理委员会 | 国家标准(GB) | GB/T 38931-2020《民用轻小型无人机系统安全性通用要求》 4.2 基本原则,5.6 使用与保障危险分析;GB/T 44167-2024《大型货运无人机系统通用要求》 8.2 一般要求;GB/T 44169-2024《民用大中型固定翼无人机地面站系统通用要求》 2.3.4.1 总要求;GB/T 43367-2023《民用大中型无人直升机系统通用要求》 8.8 人机交互 |
| 中国民用航空局(Civil Aviation Administration of China,CAAC) | 民航规章(China Civil Aviation Regulation,CAAR) | CCAR-92《民用无人驾驶航空器运行安全管理规则》 第92.685条 飞行机组成员要求 | |
| 咨询通告(Advisory Circular,AC) | AC-92-AA-2024-01《民用无人驾驶航空器系统适航安全评定指南》 5.3.8 一机多控测试;AC-61-FS-2018-20R2《民用无人机驾驶员管理规定》人员资质 | ||
| 信息通告(Information Bulletin,IB) | IB-TM-2022-05《民用轻小型无人驾驶航空器物流配送试运行审定指南》 7.1 人机界面要求 | ||
| CAAC | 民用航空行业标准(MH) | MH/T 2013-2022《民用无人驾驶航空器系统分布式操作运行等级划分》 4 分布式操作自动化程度划分 | |
| 工业和信息化部 | 航空行业标准(HB) | HB 8595-2021《民用轻小型无人机系统便携式地面控制单元通用要求》 4.12 人机工程;HB 8567-2019《轻小型无人直升机系统通用要求》 4.10 人机交互 | |
| 国家国防科技工业局 | HB | HB 20099-2012《航空装备控制器人机工程设计准则》、HB 20097-2012《航空装备信息显示人机工程设计准则》和HB 20098-2012《航空装备交互与管理人机工程准则》,适用无人机及地面配套设施的设计;2 | |
| 中央军委装备发展部、中国人民解放军总装备部 | 国军标(GJB) | GJB 4108A-2022《军用小型无人机系统部队试验规程》4.13 人机工程试验;GJB 5433-2005《无人机系统通用要求标准》11.3.2 要求 | |
| 美国 | 联邦航空局(Federal Aviation Administration,FAA) | 联邦规章(Code of Federal Regulations,CFR) | 14 CFR Part 107《Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems》 |
| 美国材料与试验协会(American Society for Testing and Materials,ASTM) | 学会标准 | ASTM-F3563-22《Standard Specification for Design and Construction of Large Fixed Wing Unmanned Aircraft Systems》 | |
| 欧洲 | 欧洲航空安全局(European Union Aviation Safety Agency,EASA) | 欧盟(European Union,EU)规章 | EU规章2019/947、2019/945 |
| 各欧洲国家标准学会 | 学会标准 | 德国标准化学会(Deutsches Institut für Normung,DIN)航空航天系列-无人机系统、英国标准学会英国标准学会(British Standards Institution,BSI)采纳的ISO标准 |
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