Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 630194-630194.doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2024.30194
• Special Topic: Vibration Identification and Suppression Technology of Aeroengine • Previous Articles
Minghui HU1,2, Jinji GAO1,3(), Zhinong JIANG1,2, Weimin WANG1,3, Limin ZOU2, Tao ZHOU3, Yunfeng FAN3, Yue WANG3, Jiaxin FENG3, Chenyang LI2
Received:
2024-01-19
Revised:
2024-02-05
Accepted:
2024-02-22
Online:
2024-02-25
Published:
2024-02-27
Contact:
Jinji GAO
E-mail:gaojinji@263.net
Supported by:
CLC Number:
Minghui HU, Jinji GAO, Zhinong JIANG, Weimin WANG, Limin ZOU, Tao ZHOU, Yunfeng FAN, Yue WANG, Jiaxin FENG, Chenyang LI. Research progress on vibration monitoring and fault diagnosis for aero-engine[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(4): 630194-630194.
Table 1
PHM systems for segmented development of American aero-engine[12]
名称 | 状态监视系统 | 状态监测与诊断系统 | 诊断与健康管理系统 | 预测与健康管理系统 |
---|---|---|---|---|
举例 | F404-GE-400 | F100-PW-200 | F119 | F135 |
系统 特点 | 振动告警、振动趋势分析、修正平衡、频谱分析、响应特性分析 | 空中状况监测、振动测量、发动机寿命计数器、相对损伤图表 | 发动机状态监测、机载诊断、机载内试验和可检查性 | 机载振动监测、故障监测和故障隔离、故障预测、任务评估 |
维修 策略 | 事后维修 | 定时/事后维修 | 视情维修 | 预测维修 |
军事 需求 | 飞行安全 | 飞行安全/经济性 | 飞行安全/经济性 | 飞行安全/经济性 |
技术 文件 | SAE AS 8054A-2012,MIL-E-5007D | SAE ARP 1587, JSGS-87231A | SAE ARP 1587B, JSSG-2007A | SAE AIR 4061B, JSSG-2007B |
Table 2
Summary of current research status on fault characteristics and diagnostic methods
故障类型 | 故障原因 | 故障特征 | 诊断方法 | 进一步研究内容 |
---|---|---|---|---|
转子不平衡 | 零部件缺陷、磨损或损坏;装配不当;叶片掉块;热不平衡等 | 工频幅值变化是不平衡故障的一个显著特征;在同转和对转的双转子系统中,当高、低压转子的转速差较小时,系统拍振响应明显,振动响应较大改变中介轴承、挤压油膜阻尼器等部件的相关参数,会影响转子系统不同位置的不平衡响应大小。 | 多采用频谱分析工频幅值变化,结合航空发动机不平衡故障的振动特性,综合诊断转子不平衡故障。 | 1) 构建考虑多部件耦合状态下的航空发动机模型,并综合考虑各部件参数变化时的振动响应特性; 2) 研究航空发动机转子不平衡的故障定位以及定量诊断技术。 |
支承不同心 | 装配不当;零部件损伤;轴线偏移;轴承故障;设计缺陷等 | 振动响应中转子转频的2倍频响应占据主导,是支承不同心故障的典型特征之一;轴向和径向2倍频幅值相对于工频幅值的大小可以表征支承不同心故障的严重程度;轴心轨迹包含了支承不同心的位置和方向信息。 | 多采用频谱分析转子转频及其倍频成分(尤其是2倍频成分),同时结合轴心轨迹(但通常不具备实测条件),综合诊断支承不同心故障。 | 1) 考虑非线性支承等因素建立结构更加复杂的航空发动机动力学模型。 2) 现有支承不同心故障特征与转子不对中故障特征相似,未来需要基于支承不同心故障理论研究建立针对航空发动机支承不同心故障的诊断方法。 3) 对于航空发动机来说,支承不同心故障的定量分析是一个难题。 |
转子不对中 | 联轴器装配不当;转子轴线偏移;润滑不良;热膨胀;轴线偏移等 | 2倍频振动响应是不对中故障的一个显著特征;不对中故障可能引起系统的超谐共振,基频在临界转速下会引起共振,2倍频会在1/2临界转速下引起共振;联轴器的不对中量等参数会影响倍频振动的振幅变化;低压转子发生不对中故障时,由于耦合作用,低压转子不对中故障会影响高压转子的振动响应。 | 多采用频谱分析二倍频幅值变化,结合航空发动机转子不对中故障振动特性,综合诊断转子不对中故障。 | 1) 建立航空发动机套筒联轴器动力学模型,研究故障振动特性; 2) 结合航空发动机实测数据以及动力学模型,研究航空发动机转子不对中传递规律。 |
动静碰摩 | 装配不当;支承松动;叶片损伤;振动超标; 过度热量等 | 1) 碰摩故障振动频谱包含:基频振动,倍频振动和分频振动,以及复合频率振动; 2) 参数变化对系统振动响应的影响,可辅助识别出碰摩故障; 3) 碰摩故障发生时扭转振动的特征频率更适合判断碰摩故障的发生。 | 对碰摩故障振动信号进行傅里叶变换、Wigner-Ville分布、小波变换和 HHT 变换等分析,可有效分析碰摩故障特征频率。 | 1) 构建考虑实际航空发动机复杂运行环境及快变工况的碰摩故障仿真模型。 2) 发展可基于有限测点数据的航空发动机碰摩故障诊断及损伤程度评估方法。 |
叶片断裂 | 疲劳裂纹;外部物体撞击;热膨胀;设计缺陷等 | 1) 叶片断裂后突加的冲击载荷在静子传递过程中会严重衰减,阻尼会降低冲击响应的极值; 2) 叶片脱落的瞬间会产生较大的瞬态冲击力及系统阻尼,同时叶片会激起转子的低阶固有振型; 3) 叶片断裂会在机匣上产生叶片通过频率振动的变化,并且在通过频率附近激励起双转子转速差的倍频成分。 | 采用稀疏谐波积谱、时域跟踪、时频转换、高频小波、BTT技术、倒频谱、自适应卡尔曼滤波等方法,结合多通道卷积神经网络等人工智能算法,可用于叶片断裂故障诊断。 | 1) 考虑航发多结构耦合下的叶片动力学模型,研究叶片断裂参数与故障特征之间的关联性,挖掘动力学模型所得响应特征在实际工程中的应用。 2) 研究机理与信号处理算法相结合的叶片断裂故障诊断方法,分析振动信号中叶片断裂故障的敏感特征。 3) 探索并着手应用基于叶片振动测试的断裂、裂纹故障监测诊断技术。 4) 人工智能技术在叶片断裂故障诊断方面的研究与应用。 |
结构共振 | 设计问题;温度变化;材料和结构缺陷;叶片失衡;复杂激振等 | 当转子产生裂纹时,形成的激励引发转子的亚谐共振和超谐共振,其中超谐共振响应以2阶、3阶为主;当转子产生碰摩时,形成的激励引发转子的亚谐共振、组合共振,其中亚谐共振以1/2阶为主。 | 利用激励频率的振动趋势图,结合频谱分析,综合诊断结构共振类故障。 | 1) 真实情况下,信号多采集自航空发动机机匣测点。未来可在现有转子系统响应特征的基础上,建立充分考虑薄壁机匣结构、弹性支承等复杂结构的航空发动机动力学模型,研究响应特征与机匣采集信号间的传递关系。 2) 现有高质量数据积累较少,可将案例数据与小样本学习相结合,实现故障的智能诊断。 |
主轴承损伤 | 过度负载;振动超标;润滑不足;材料疲劳、磨损;装配不当等 | 时域参数包括有效值、方均根值、峰值等有量纲参数,峭度、峰值因数、波形因数、裕度指标等无量纲参数,监测特征参数随轴承故障发生、发展的变化规律;频域中故障特征频率及其倍频成分。 | 基于轴承故障信号的冲击、调制特性,学者们建立了一系列的降噪、解调算法,以从机匣大振动信号中提取轴承微弱故障特征;基于标准化欧氏距离等的多特征融合诊断评估;滑油屑末、弱磁检测等多传感器信息融合诊断;CNN、SVDD、SVM等智能诊断方法。 | 1) 虑及发动机薄壁结构、弹性支承等复杂结构,可用于发动机运行数据分析的特征提取方法; 2) 高精度、高计算效率的多元信息融合与智能诊断方法。 3) 对轴承进行定量诊断及剩余寿命预测。 |
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