机载液氢燃料储供系统发展现状与展望

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2025.31682

Abstract

Abstract:

Hydrogen-powered aircraft， with the advantages of high mass-energy density and near-zero emissions， has become an important direction in the green transformation of the aviation industry. As one of the core systems of hydrogen-powered aircraft， the breakthrough of key core technologies in the liquid hydrogen fuel storage and supply system directly affects the economy and practicality of the aircraft. This paper systematically reviews the development status of hydrogen-powered aircraft， with a focus on discussing the design and integration challenges of key components in the on-board liquid hydrogen fuel storage and supply systems， including liquid hydrogen storage tanks， liquid hydrogen booster pumps， and heat exchangers. Furthermore， and s six key core technologies for the development of on-board liquid hydrogen fuel storage and supply systems are condensed： layout optimization technology， system lightweight technology， high-quality hydrogen storage ratio and efficient storage technology for liquid hydrogen storage tanks， hydrogen supply dynamic matching control technology， liquid hydrogen cold energy comprehensive regulation technology， and safety and risk control technology. The analysis results show that the layout optimization of the on-board liquid hydrogen fuel storage and supply system is fundamental， and applicable layouts are given according to different aircraft types； the lightweight of the liquid hydrogen fuel storage and supply system helps to improve the range and payload of the aircraft， especially the high gravimetric hydrogen storage density and efficient storage of liquid hydrogen storage tanks are particularly important. Dynamic hydrogen supply control and liquid hydrogen cold energy comprehensive regulation technologies are applicable to the dynamic working stages of the aircraft. By combining international standards and adopting multiple safety designs to reduce the risks of leakage and fire， the operation safety of hydrogen-powered aircraft is ensured. The development of key components， the breakthrough of key core technologies， and the establishment of relevant standards for the above-mentioned on-board liquid hydrogen fuel storage and supply systems will not only effectively promote the commercialization process of hydrogen-powered aircraft， but also provide important support for the low-altitude economy and the carbon-neutrality goal of the aviation industry.

Key words: hydrogen-powered aircraft, on-board, liquid hydrogen fuel storage and supply system, liquid hydrogen storage tank, gravimetric hydrogen storage density

CLC Number:

V272

Bin ZHU, Shaoqi YANG, Liang GUO, Qiming JIA, Ye CHEN, Xiujuan XIE. Development and prospects of on-borne liquid hydrogen fuel storage and supply system[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025, 46(16): 231682.

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动力源	减少CO₂	减少NO _x	减少H₂O&尾迹	主要挑战
电池动力				电池的低能量密度和高质量限制发展；电池频繁更换
可持续航空燃料				飞行中排放与传统飞机相当；成本高、效率低
氢燃烧				产生NO _x 和尾迹；氢燃料储供系统
氢燃料电池				动力装置的质量（短期问题）；氢燃料储供系统

动力形式	飞机	单位	储存状态	状态	文献
氢燃烧混合JP-4	B-57	NACA Lewis Laboratory	LH₂	1957年2月首飞，最长飞行20 min	［14］
氢燃烧混合煤油	TU-155	Tupolev	LH₂	1988年4月首飞，航程2 800 km	［15-16］
氢燃烧	X-43A	NASA	LH₂	2004年分别以Ma=6.83和Ma=9.68的速度2次飞行	［18］
氢燃烧	Global Observer	AeroVironment	LH₂	2011年最长飞行18 h	［19］
氢燃烧	Phantom Eye	Boeing	LH₂	2012年6月首飞，最长飞行8~9 h	［20-21］
氢燃烧	Blue Condor	AIRBUS	GH₂	2023年11月首飞，飞行持续约30 min	［22］
氢燃料电池混合电池	Diamond DA20	Boeing	GH₂	2008年4月首飞	［26］
氢燃料电池混合电池	Rapid 200-FC	The University of Turin	GH₂	2010年5月首飞，最长飞行45 min	［27］
氢燃料电池混合电池	Piper Malibu	ZeroAvia	GH₂	2020年9月首飞，飞行持续8 min	［28-29］
氢燃料电池混合电池	HY4	H2FLY	LH₂	2023年9月首飞超3 h，航程1 500 km	［33-34］
氢燃料电池混合电池	S4	Joby Aviation	LH₂	2024年6月首飞，航程841 km	［35-36］
氢燃料电池混合电池	吨级风冷液氢动力eVTOL	同尘和光、追梦空天和北京嘉清等	LH₂	2025年1月首飞，航程800~1 000 km	［37］
氢燃料电池混合煤油	Dornier 228	ZeroAvia	GH₂	2023年1月首飞，最长飞行35 min	［30］
氢燃料电池混合煤油	Dash 8-300	Universal Hydrogen	GH₂	2023年3月首飞，飞行持续15 min	［31-32］
氢燃料电池	Antares DLR-H2	DLR	GH₂	2009年7月首飞，航程750 km	［23］
氢燃料电池	Ion Tiger	Naval Research Laboratory	GH₂/LH₂	2009年使用压缩氢气飞行26 h，2013年使用液氢飞行48 h	［24-25］
氢燃料电池	AMSL Aero	Vertiia	GH₂/LH₂	预计2025年首飞	［38］

Development and prospects of on-borne liquid hydrogen fuel storage and supply system

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