Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (14): 333591.doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.33591
• Electronics and Electrical Engineering and Control • Previous Articles
Chuang SHI1,2,3,4, Kunlei LI2,3, Jiale WANG1,3,4,5(
), Ming XIA1,3,4, Shijun CHEN3,6, Xin JIANG3,7, Xiayu LI3,8, Yi WAN3,8, He ZHANG3,9, Yao JIN3,9
Received:2026-03-19
Revised:2026-04-13
Accepted:2026-05-29
Online:2026-06-24
Published:2026-06-23
Contact:
Jiale WANG
E-mail:wang_jiale@buaa.edu.cn
Supported by:CLC Number:
Chuang SHI, Kunlei LI, Jiale WANG, Ming XIA, Shijun CHEN, Xin JIANG, Xiayu LI, Yi WAN, He ZHANG, Yao JIN. Empowering low-altitude economy with BDS/5G integrated spatiotemporal network: Technical architecture, application practice and future prospect[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2026, 47(14): 333591.
Table 2
Comparison of BDS+5G integrated base stations
| 方案 | 北斗模块组成 | 5G模块复用 | 信号流向 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5G+伪卫星一体化基站[ | 多通道伪卫星发射主机、多频收发天线、射频线缆 | 复用5G射频链路、天线与传输资源,共址发射5G信号与北斗等伪卫星信号 | 基站主动发射北斗/GPS L波段信号+5G通信信号 |
| 5G+北斗基准站一体化基站[ | 北斗3D扼流圈接收天线、北斗信号接收板卡、数据中心/播发控制模块 | 复用5G AAU/BBU、供电单元与回传链路,由5G射频单元播发北斗增强数据 | 基站被动接收北斗卫星信号→生成差分数据→5G链路广播给用户 |
| 5G-A+北斗通感导一体化基站[ | 改造后的北斗授时模块 (可输出卫星测量信息) | 复用5G-A通感一体AAU/BBU、授时模块与感知链路,实现通感导协同 | 基站接收北斗信号→生成RTK改正数→修正感知参数并提供定位服务 |
Table 3
Technical comparison between user plane broadcast in 5G base stations and control plane broadcast in BDS/5G integrated base stations
| 对比维度 | 用户面播发 | 控制面播发 |
|---|---|---|
| 传输模式 | 点对点单播信道,数据经PDU会话逐一传输至目标终端,资源消耗容量和终端数量的关系为 | 广播信道,数据经一条公共信道同时传输给区域所有终端,资源消耗容量与终端数量无关,主要受广播带宽和覆盖区最弱接收条件约束 |
| 资源调度机制 | 动态资源调度机制,符合M/M/1排队模型,终端的请求随机到达基站,单个请求的平均等待时延为 | 静态资源预留机制,可为数据预留固定的控制面时隙和频域资源,并优先调度,避开排队过程,端到端的时延仅有信号传播时延和协议处理时延组成,整体可控制在1~10 ms,与终端和网络负载无关 |
| 协议栈路径 | 数据平面完整栈,路径为应用层→传输层→IP层→用户面协议栈,其中传输层的3次握手、重传机制与IP层的路由寻址,会引入至少3层协议开销,协议栈主要包括TCP/UDP、IP、SDAP、PDCP、RLC、MAC、PHY | 控制平面轻量级栈,路径为定位信令→NAS层→控制面协议栈,数据嵌入定位信令或者控制面广播流程,协议栈主要包括LPP/NAS/RRC、PDCP、RLC、MAC、PHY |
| 移动性管理方式 | PDU会话承载与基站局部资源强绑定,终端跨基站切换时,必须释放原有资源,引入100~500 ms的数据中断 | 广播承载与核心网全局资源绑定,终端跨基站切换时,无需重建任何承载,数据由核心网AFM统一调度 |
| 安全机制 | 应用层附加安全,加密与鉴权由外部SUPL服务器实现,密钥在终端与服务器之间协商生成,安全等级完全依赖应用层的实现,无法复用5G网络原生安全能力 | 网络层原生安全,加密与鉴权由5G核心网AMF与AUSF原生实现,密钥与终端的SIM卡身份绑定,由核心网统一生成与分发,安全等级与5G核心网完全一致 |
Table 4
Application scenarios of BDS/5G integrated base stations in low-altitude economy
| 应用场景 | 核心需求 | 文献 |
|---|---|---|
| 电力输电线自动巡线 | 北斗RTK厘米级定位;巡检图像实时回传 | [ |
| 农林业植保 | 回传位置和飞行轨迹;多模态数据采集;病虫害监测;精准喷施 | [ |
| 物流配送 | 高精度定位;路径规划 | [ |
| 智慧城市治理 | 图像采集;建筑巡检;交通管制 | [ |
| 应急救援 | 灾害区域精准定位与连续导航 | [ |
| 低空测绘与三维建模 | 厘米级/分米级高精度定位;点云数据高速回传;多机协同航测 | [ |
| 低空文旅表演 | 厘米级编队定位与同步控制;指令接受与下发 | [ |
Table 5
5G communication-navigation integration and BDS spatiotemporal service standard system
| 标准体系归属 | 标准层级 | 标准编号 | 标准名称 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5G通导融合技术标准体系 | 行业标准 | YD/T 3628-2019 | 5G移动通信网安全技术要求 |
| 行业标准 | YD/T 3936-2021 | 基于移动通信网的高精度定位总体技术要求 | |
| 行业标准 | YD/T 4745-2024 | 基于服务化架构的5G核心网增强位置业务总体技术要求 | |
| 国际标准 | 3GPP TS 23.273 V16.0.0 | 5G系统位置服务第2阶段(5G System (5GS) location services Stage 2) | |
| 国际标准 | 3GPP TS 23.502 V16.0.0 | 5G系统流程(Procedures for 5G System (5GS)) | |
| 国际标准 | 3GPP TS 29.500 V16.0.0 | 基于服务化架构的5G系统技术实现 (5G system technical realization of service based architecture) | |
| 国际标准 | 3GPP TS 29.518 V16.0.0 | 5G系统接入和移动管理服务第3阶段 (5G System; Access and mobility management services; Stage 3) | |
| 国际标准 | 3GPP TS 37.355 V16.0.0 | NR定位协议 (NR positioning protocol) | |
| 国际标准 | 3GPP TS 38.305 V16.0.0 | NG-RAN用户设备定位 (User Equipment positioning in NG-RAN) | |
| 国际标准 | 3GPP TS 38.413 V16.0.0 | NG-RAN应用协议 (NG-RAN; NG Application Protocol (NGAP)) | |
| 国际标准 | 3GPP TS 38.455 V16.0.0 | NR定位附加协议 (NR positioning protocol A) | |
| 国际标准 | OMA-AD-SUPL V2.0 | 安全用户面定位架构协议 (Secure user plane location architecture) | |
| 北斗时空服务标准体系 | 国际标准 | RTCM10403.3 | 差分数据GNSS服务标准(第3版) (Differential GNSS services Version 3) |
| 国家标准 | GB/T 37019.1-2018 | 卫星导航地基增强系统播发接口规范第1部分:移动通信网 | |
| 国家标准 | GB/T 35767—2017 | 卫星导航定位基准站网基本产品规范 | |
| 国家标准 | GB/T 39721-2021 | 北斗地基增强系统基准站入网技术要求 | |
| 国家标准 | GB/T 39723-2020 | 北斗地基增强系统通信网络系统技术规范 | |
| 国家标准 | GB/T 39772.1-2021 | 北斗地基增强系统基准站建设和验收技术规范 第1部分:建设规范 | |
| 国家标准 | GB/T 44088-2024 | 北斗卫星导航系统测量型模块技术要求及测试方法 | |
| 国家标准 | GB/T 44485-2024 | 北斗地基增强系统实时定位分级服务内容及数据格式 | |
| 国家标准 | GB/T 44068-2024 | LTE移动通信终端支持北斗定位的技术要求 | |
| 地方标准 | DB13/T 6036-2024 | 北斗+5G一体化融合位置服务通用规范 |
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