Fig.1

Morphing aircraft for different missions［1］

Fig.2

Human warfare history separated by four eras， three revolutions， six war generations

Fig.3

Flight boundary differences of smart morphing aircraft and traditional vehicles

Fig.4

Concept of future smart morphing aircraft from NASA［23］

Fig.5

Parameters for shape morphing wing［21］

Fig.6

Classification of smart morphing aircraft

Fig.7

Morphing aircraft classified by scale of change［28］

Fig.8

Intelligent decision making and control of morphing aircraft based on reinforcement learning［30-31］

Fig.9

Lockheed Martin folding Z-wing morphing aircraft concept［3］

Fig.10

Timeline of morphing aircraft［21］

Fig.11

Variable swept wing aircraft X⁃5

Fig.12

F⁃14 Tomcat

Fig.13

XB⁃70 with anhedral wingtips

Fig.14

F-111 with variable camber wings

Fig.15

Active aeroelastic wing of F/A-18A

Fig.16

SAMPSON smart inlet installed in wind tunnel［52］

Fig.17

Folding wing concept from Lockheed Martin［54-56］

Fig.18

Lockheed Martin skunkworks cormorant MPUAV［38］

Fig.19

NextGen aeronautics shape-changing UAV design［38］

Fig.20

N-MAS aerodynamic models for all configurations［61］

Fig.21

N-MAS model in NASA Langley TDT wind tunnel［62］

Fig.22

NextGen morphed configurations of MFX-1［63］， MFX-2［60］ and elastomeric skin［62］

Fig.23

Raytheon telescoping wing design［8］

Fig.24

Airbus smart intelligent aircraft structures （SARISTU）

Fig.25

DLR smart morphing airliner

Fig.26

Chinese Qiang-6 fighter jet［68］

Fig.27

NASA-MIT test wild shape-shifting airplane wing

Fig.28

Shape memory alloy from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Fig.29

Folding deformed wing from Harbin Institute of Technology

Fig.30

An example of flight profile for smart morphing aircraft

Fig.31

Different flight profiles associated by smart profile aircraft

Fig.32

Different flight profiles implemented by separate flight vehicles

Fig.33

Different flight profiles implemented by morphing aircraft

Fig.34

Optimization objectives for morphing aircrafts［8］