收稿日期:
2021-11-24
修回日期:
2021-12-10
接受日期:
2022-03-23
出版日期:
2023-03-15
发布日期:
2022-03-30
通讯作者:
杨庆春
E-mail:yangqc@buaa.edu.cn
基金资助:
Yushu JIN1,2, Xu XU1, Qingchun YANG1()
Received:
2021-11-24
Revised:
2021-12-10
Accepted:
2022-03-23
Online:
2023-03-15
Published:
2022-03-30
Contact:
Qingchun YANG
E-mail:yangqc@buaa.edu.cn
Supported by:
摘要:
在液体碳氢燃料中添加铝、硼等高能固体颗粒是提高燃料能量特性的有效手段,也是未来高性能火箭发动机和冲压发动机性能提升的重要基础。对含能碳氢燃料的发展历程和当前需求进行介绍,重点分析对比了含能碳氢燃料的2种类型及各自优势;综述了国内外开展的含能碳氢燃料单液滴燃烧实验研究,介绍了含能碳氢燃料液滴的特征燃烧过程和典型燃烧现象;总结了国内外研究机构在火箭发动机、亚燃冲压发动机和超燃冲压发动机平台中开展的含能碳氢燃料应用研究进展。最后,对含能碳氢燃料的下一步研究进行展望。
中图分类号:
靳雨树, 徐旭, 杨庆春. 含能碳氢燃料燃烧特性及发动机应用研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2023, 44(5): 26690.
Yushu JIN, Xu XU, Qingchun YANG. Research progress in combustion characteristics and engine applications of energetic hydrocarbon fuels[J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2023, 44(5): 26690.
表 2
含微米铝/硼颗粒碳氢燃料的单液滴燃烧实验
文献 | 液滴成分 | 液滴直径 | 实验环境 | 主要研究结论 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wong和Turns[ | JP-10+42.6%Al JP-10+42.6%Al +Surfactants Al: 4 μm | 0.5~1.1 mm | 火焰,1 bar,1 250~1 800 K | ① 含铝浆体液滴燃烧时存在“爆裂”现象,燃尽时间缩短;② 加入尺寸较小的碳颗粒会导致团聚体表面孔隙度变化。 |
Wong和Turns[ | JP-10+66%(Al+C)+Surfactants Al: 4 μm,C: 0.35 μm | 0.5~1.0 mm, 200~450 μm | 火焰,1 bar,1 616~2 003 K | 影响爆裂的因素:液滴外部硬质壳体的孔隙度和塑性。 |
Mueller和Turns[ | RP-1 +60%Al Al: 微米级 | 20~100 μm | 火焰,1 bar,2 650 K | ① 爆裂产生的原因:不渗透壳体形成后内部压力持续升高;② 建立不渗透壳体压力累计模型,理论与实验结果一致。 |
Antaki和Williams[ | JP-10+(0%~70%)B+2%Surfactants B: 2 μm | 1.2~3.0 mm | 空气,1 bar,300 K | ① 含微米硼JP-10浆体燃料燃烧过程中硼颗粒未参与燃烧;② 硼颗粒质量分数对浆体燃料液滴的燃烧现象影响显著。 |
Takahashi et al.[ | JP-10+(0%~30%)B+2%Surfactants B:微米级 | 0.3~0.5 mm | 火焰,1 bar,2 054~2 086 K | ① 含硼浆体燃料液滴燃烧时存在“爆裂/微爆”现象;② 硼质量分数越高、火焰氧气摩尔分数越高,爆裂出现越早。 |
Takahashi et al.[ | JP-10+10%/30% B+Surfactants 无定型硼:0.88 μm 晶体硼:6.7 μm | <450 μm | 火焰,1 bar,1 900 K, 氧气浓度:0.39 | 爆裂机制:硼颗粒在液滴表面张力和液滴蒸发的作用下在表面形成多孔壳体,添加剂的热分解产物与壳体相互作用形成不渗透壳体,持续加热使液滴内部压力持续升高,导致爆裂。 |
表 3
含纳米铝/硼颗粒碳氢燃料的单液滴燃烧实验研究
文献 | 液滴成分 | 单液滴直径或质量 | 实验环境 | 主要研究结论 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tyagi et al.[ | Diesel +50 nm Al Al: 15 nm/50 nm | 25.3±1.5 mg | 空气 1 bar,688~768 ℃ | ① 添加纳米铝颗粒有利于柴油的点火成功率;② 纳米颗粒会提升燃料的辐射和传热特性,在更低温度着火。 |
Gan和Qiao[ | C10H22/C2H6O +10%Al+ Surfactants Al: 80 nm/5 μm | 0.5~2.5 mm | 空气1 bar,300 K | ① 含纳米铝浆体燃料燃烧时存在爆裂现象;② 颗粒尺寸差异导致浆体液滴燃烧时壳体表面特性不同。 |
Gan et al.[ | C10H22 +5%B +Surfactants C2H6O +5%/1%B B: 80 nm | 0.5~2.5 mm | 空气 1 bar,300 K | ① 含纳米硼浆体燃料燃烧时存在爆裂现象;② 含硼浆体燃料液滴爆裂是因为燃料各组分的沸点不同。 |
Tanvir和Qiao[ | C2H6O +(0%~50%) Al Al: 80 nm | 0.1~0.5 mm | 空气 1 bar,300 K | ① 浆体燃料液滴尺寸较小时,铝颗粒燃烧较完全;② 添加纳米铝提升液滴热传导特性,提高液滴燃烧速率。 |
Javed et al.[ | C7H16+ (0.5%~5.0%) Al+ Surfactants Kerosene+(0.1%~1.0%) Al+ Surfactants Al: 70 nm | 1.0±0.1 mm | 空气 1 bar,600~850 ℃ | ① 含铝浆体液滴燃烧偏离经典的d2定律,经历频繁的微爆;② 微爆导致液滴燃烧时间明显缩短。 |
杨大力等[ | 煤油+(2%~10%) B+(2%~10%)凝胶剂 B: 微米级 | 1.0~1.2 mm | 空气 1 bar,300 K | ① 硼颗粒的加入会使凝胶液滴的微爆现象加剧;②凝胶剂越多,凝胶液滴稳定燃烧时间越久,微爆程度加剧;③ 硼含量越多,凝胶液滴稳定燃烧时间缩短,微爆程度加剧。 |
表 4
含铝/硼颗粒碳氢燃料在火箭发动机中的燃烧试验
文献 | 发动机及工质 | 燃料组成 | 工作参数 | 主要研究结论 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mordosky et al.[ | 火箭发动机 O2/凝胶燃料 | RP-1+ a%Al +Gellant, a=0, 5, 10, 30, 55 Al: 100 nm | 室压1.0~2.8 MPa 氧燃比0.5~5.0 | ① 相比纯凝胶燃料,RP-1+5%Al凝胶燃料燃烧效率提高6%,其余3组含铝凝胶燃料燃烧效率持平;② 含纳米铝凝胶燃料燃烧效率高于含微米铝凝胶燃料。 |
Ellison et al.[ | 火箭发动机 O2/凝胶燃料 | Gelled RP-1+16%Al Al: 纳米级 | 室压1.2~1.6 MPa 氧燃比0.56~1.56 | 含铝凝胶燃料燃烧效率为72%~97%。 |
Luo et al.[ | 火箭发动机 O2/浆体燃料 | JP-10+16%Al+ Surfactants Al: 40 nm | 室压2.8~3.0 MPa 氧燃比1.7~1.9 | ① 添加纳米铝使JP-10燃料燃烧效率提高约3%~9%;② 产物分析表明燃烧产物中存在大尺寸铝颗粒团聚体,80%的团聚体尺寸在100~300 nm范围。 |
邵昂等[ | 火箭发动机 O2/浆体燃料 | JP-10+21%Al+ Surfactants Al: 100 nm | 室压2.0~2.5 MPa 氧燃比1.6~2.0 | ① 高氧燃比时浆体燃料燃烧效率高于纯液体燃料;② 添加纳米铝颗粒使燃料密度比冲提高5.5%~14.6%;③ 浆体燃料燃烧产物中铝颗粒氧化率约74.1%。 |
刘毅等[ | 火箭发动机 O2/浆体燃料 | QC+15%Al+ Surfactants Al: 100 nm | 室压2.5~2.8 MPa 氧燃比1.6~2.0 | ① QC+15%Al浆体燃料的燃烧效率稍低于QC纯净燃料;② 浆体燃料的密度比冲相比纯液体燃料提高约3%;③ 喷管出口沉积物包含碳、铝和氧化铝,铝氧化率约91%。 |
靳雨树[ | 火箭发动机 O2/浆体燃料 | HD-01+10% 100 nm Al HD-01+10% 20 nm B QC+10% 20 nm B QC+20% 20 nm B | 室压1.9~2.2 MPa 余氧系数0.6~0.8 | ① 添加纳米颗粒可导致燃烧效率下降,密度比冲提升;② 添加纳米铝颗粒的综合效果优于纳米硼颗粒;③ 提高纳米颗粒含量可进一步提升发动机密度比冲性能,但会带来更严重的固相沉积问题。 |
表 5
含铝/硼颗粒碳氢燃料在冲压发动机中的燃烧试验
文献 | 发动机及工质 | 燃料组成 | 工作参数 | 主要研究结论 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Von Kampen et al.[ | 圆筒燃烧器 Air/凝胶燃料 | Jet-Al+7.5%Gellant+7.5%MIAK+35%Al Al: 10 μm | 室压0.6~1.1 MPa 加热器温度300、 550、 800 K空燃比>0.75 | 燃烧温度提高,环境压力提高,均可使凝胶燃料燃烧效率提高。 |
Negri和Ciezki[ | 圆筒燃烧器 Air/凝胶燃料 | Jet-Al+7.5%Gellant+(30-x)%微米Al+x%纳米Al,x=0, 15, 30 Al: 160 nm, 0.78 μm | 室压0.86~0.96 MPa 加热器温度400 ℃ 当量比0.75 | ① 含纳米铝浆体燃料的燃烧效率低于含微米铝浆体燃料的燃烧效率;② 3种燃料中铝的氧化率为30%~50%,扫描电镜图片显示纳米铝出现明显团聚,团聚体直径约200 μm。 |
Gafni et al.[ | 亚燃冲压发动机 Air/凝胶燃料 | 煤油+5.6%/10.6%Ni-Al +Gellant 煤油+4.8%/23%Al +Paraffin Ni-Al: 22 μm, Al: 22 μm | 室压0.5~1.6 MPa 加热器温度700~1 200 K 当量比0.4~1.6 | ① 添加微米级活性铝和镍包覆铝均导致凝胶燃料燃烧效率下降,发动机质量比冲损失;② 含能凝胶燃料的高密度特性未能使其对应的密度比冲提升,铝颗粒含量较高时甚至出现损失。 |
Xiao et al.[ | 亚燃冲压发动机 Air/凝胶燃料 | Jet-Al+3% Gellant +x%B, x=30,40 B: 微米级 | 来流空气马赫数为3 加热器温度625 K | ① 硼颗粒质量分数提高,燃烧效率下降;② 燃烧室长度减小,燃烧效率下降。 |
Jin et al.[ | 超燃冲压发动机 Air/浆体燃料 | JP-10+16%Al+ Surfactant Al: 80 nm | 入口马赫数为2 入口总温1 700 K 当量比0.56、 0.73、 0.91 | ① 自激振荡喷注器实现高黏度浆体燃料稳定喷注和高效雾化;② 相比JP-10燃料,JP-10+Al浆体燃料的燃烧效率和密度比冲明显提高;③ 加入纳米铝导致燃烧室壁面热流提高32%,这是强对流、高总温、额外沉积热共同导致的。 |
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