Abstract: Asteroid defense and disposal assessment technology constitutes a strategic frontier for mitigating near-Earth asteroid impact risks and safeguarding the continuity of life and civilization on Earth. This paper provides a systematic review of the current state of development in asteroid defense disposal and assessment technologies, identifies the key challenges confronting in-orbit disposal and effectiveness evaluation both domestically and internationally, and presents a comprehensive discussion covering the definition of disposal effectiveness, classification and comparative efficacy of disposal methods, critical technological aspects of various disposal techniques, and methodologies for disposal effectiveness assessment, so as to serve as a reference for technological development and engineering implementation of planetary defense systems. In terms of disposal technologies, the kinetic impactor represents the most mature impulsive deflection method to date; nuclear explosive devices offer the highest energy efficiency and are most suitable for large asteroids or those with short warning times; ion-beam shepherding, mass drivers, and energy ablation demonstrate superior deflection capability compared to other long-term techniques. In terms of assessment technologies, high-precision orbit determination and prediction, along with ejecta inversion techniques, form the technical foundation for effectiveness evaluation; however, significant challenges remain in multi-source observational data fusion and rapid post-disposal efficacy judgment. Currently, asteroid defense faces challenges including the scarcity of prior information on target characteristics, insufficient understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying various deflection methods, and inadequate rapid assessment capabilities. In the future, it is necessary to conduct engineering validation of selected disposal techniques, simultaneously enhance scientific exploration of near-Earth asteroids to improve knowledge of target properties, and progressively establish a tiered asteroid defense capability architecture through multi-means coordination.

Key words: Asteroid Defense,, Disposal,, and Assessment