Abstract: Venus exploration balloons are characterized by long endurance, broad-area coverage, in-situ atmospheric sampling, and high-resolution observation capabilities. They represent a critical approach for enhancing sustained in-situ exploration of the Venusian atmosphere and constitute a promising frontier in deep-space research. Based on a review of the research background and current status of Venus balloons, this paper establishes an atmospheric model, a balloon dynamics model, and a heat transfer model, incorporating the thermal radiation environment of the Venusian atmosphere. The accuracy of these models is validated using in-flight data from the VEGA mission. Furthermore, this study analyzes the influence of key parameters—such as balloon volume, helium mass, deployment location, and wind fields—on the thermodynamic characteristics and flight trajectory during the ascent phase. The results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the engineering development of Venus balloons, including overall design, subsystem design, and flight control strategy formulation.

Key words: Venus exploration balloon, Venus atmospheric model, Heat transfer model, VEGA mission, Flight trajectory