航空发动机气路部件与控制系统故障诊断是保障飞行安全和发动机视情维修的重要基础与支撑。本文围绕气路部件、传感器与执行机构的故障诊断，对国内外相关研究现状与发展进行了系统性综述。首先，阐明了气路部件渐进式退化、突发性故障以及控制系统中传感器和执行机构故障的内涵、机理及其相互关联。随后，以模型驱动、数据驱动与信息融合/混合驱动为技术路线，分别梳理了气路部件和控制系统故障诊断方法的研究进展，并对各类方法在故障检测、隔离、幅值估计和信号重构中的优势与局限进行了对比和分析。在控制系统故障诊断中，进一步分析了解析余度技术在其中的支撑作用。最后，总结了气路部件与控制系统故障诊断面临的主要挑战，并展望了未来的发展趋势。

Fault diagnosis of aero-engine gas-path components and control systems provides essential support for ensuring flight safety and enabling condition-based engine maintenance. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in fault diagnosis of gas-path components, sensors, and actuators worldwide. First, the definitions, mechanisms, and interrelationships of gradual degradation and abrupt faults in gas-path components, as well as sensor and actuator faults in control systems, are clarified. Subsequently, following the methodological routes of model-driven, data-driven, and information-fusion/hybrid-driven approaches, the research progress in fault diagnosis of gas-path components and control systems is reviewed separately. The advantages and limitations of different methods in fault detection, isolation, magnitude estimation, and signal reconstruction are comparatively analyzed. For control-system fault diagnosis, the supporting role of analytical redundancy is further discussed. Finally, the major challenges facing fault diagnosis of gas-path components and control systems are summarized, and future development trends are presented.