飞机空间运动结构在飞行过程中因姿态变化导致位置动态调整，其受气动载荷的大小和方向随之发生显著变化。为真实复现运动结构的实际受载工况，本研究以飞机强度试验为背景，系统开展了空间运动结构自适应加载技术的建模与验证研究。首先，通过分析试验中运动结构的空间轨迹特征，将运动形式划分为平动、转动及复合运动三类；其次，分别建立了三类运动模式下结构位置、姿态与载荷作用点的动态关系数学模型，量化了运动过程中多参数间的耦合效应；进而，基于模型提出了面向飞机强度试验中的自适应加载技术，通过实时调整加载装置的位移、力值及方向参数，实现了施加载荷与实际气动载荷在作用点匹配度、幅值一致性及方向同步性上的精准控制；最后，分别将三类自适应技术应用于工程试验，成功实现了运动结构交变载荷的精准施加。试验结果表明：在复杂运动场景下，所提技术的动态误差小于3%，验证了方法的可靠性与有效性。本研究构建了完整的空间运动结构随动加载方法体系，包括运动分类模型、载荷动态补偿及工程实施方案，系统解决了大范围空间运动结构因位置变化导致的载荷失配问题，具有显著的工程应用价值，为复杂运动环境下航空器结构设计与强度验证提供关键技术支持。
During flight, aircraft spatial motion structures undergo dynamic positional adjustments due to attitude variations, leading to significant changes in the magnitude and direction of aerodynamic loads. To accurately reproduce the actual loading conditions of such structures in motion, this study, based on aircraft structural strength testing, systematically investigates the modeling and validation of adaptive loading technology for spatial motion structures. First, by analyzing the spatial trajectory characteristics of motion structures in experiments, the motion modes are categorized into three types: translation, rotation, and combined motion. Subsequently, dynamic mathematical models are established for each motion type to quantify the relationships between structural position, attitude, and load application points, as well as the coupling effects among multiple parameters during motion. Building on these models, an adaptive loading technology tailored for aircraft structural strength testing is proposed. This technology enables real-time adjustments of displacement, force magnitude, and direction parameters of the loading devices, achieving precise control of load point alignment, amplitude consistency, and directional synchronization between the applied loads and actual aerodynamic loads.Finally, the three adaptive loading techniques are applied to engineering tests, successfully achieving precise application of cyclic loads on motion structures. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technology achieves a dynamic error of less than 3% in complex motion scenarios, validating its reliability and effectiveness. This study establishes a comprehensive framework for follower loading methods in spatial motion structures, encompassing motion classification models, dynamic load compensation, and engineering implementation strategies. It systematically addresses the issue of load mismatch caused by positional changes in large-scale spatial motion structures, offering significant engineering application value. The developed technology provides critical technical support for structural design and strength validation of aerospace vehicles in complex motion environments.
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