随着无人机和电动垂直起降航空器（electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing, eVTOL）等新兴航空载运具的快速发展，以先进空中交通（Advanced Air Mobility, AAM）和无人机空中交通管理（Unmanned aircraft systems Traffic Management, UTM）为典型代表的低空新型运行概念和体系对现有航行系统在低空的安全管理能力提出了全新的挑战。未来低空将朝向高密度、按需响应、有人与无人协同的运行模式发展，该背景下传统航行系统人在环路的管理方式难以应对上述低空的用空需求，必须依托低空航行系统，构建起更为及时智能的低空风险管理能力。本文首先阐述了低空安全的基本概念，明确了分层风险管理理念，提出了以低空航行系统为核心的未来低空实时风险管理框架。面对低空经济发展对航行系统风险管理所提出的实时化、智能化的能力需求，本文回顾了航行系统风险管理技术与能力的演变，凝练了当下发展的客观需求，梳理了目前关键技术的代表性研究、现状与不足，总结了低空航行系统所面临的核心挑战，给出了构建实时风险管理能力的未来发展方向，提供了未来低空航行系统风险管理能力研究和构建的方向指引，以期推动低空运行的安全有序发展。

With the rapid development of emerging aerial vehicles such as drones and electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eV-TOL) aircraft, new concepts and systems for low-altitude operations, represented by Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) and Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM), pose unprecedented challenges to the safety management capabilities of exist-ing low-altitude aviation systems. The future of low-altitude operations is expected to evolve towards high-density, on-demand responsiveness, and collaborative operations between manned and unmanned vehicles. In this context, tradi-tional management approaches within the human-in-the-loop framework are inadequate to meet the airspace demands of low-altitude operations, necessitating enhancements to existing aviation systems and the establishment of more timely and intelligent risk management capabilities. This paper first elucidates the fundamental concepts of low-altitude safety and proposes a safety management framework for future low-altitude operations, clearly defining the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders. In response to the in-time and intelligent capability requirements for risk man-agement in aviation systems driven by the development of the low-altitude economy, this paper reviews the evolution of risk management technologies and capabilities in aviation systems, synthesizes the current developmental demands, and outlines the representative research, status, and limitations of key technologies at present. Based on existing gaps and present demands, it identifies core challenges faced by low-altitude aviation systems and proposes future direc-tions for developing real-time risk management capabilities. Additionally, the paper synthesizes relevant literature to offer guidance for future research and development of risk management capabilities in low-altitude aviation systems, aiming to promote the safe and orderly development of low-altitude operations.