关键词: 低空安全, 低空航行系统, 实时风险管理, 城市空中交通, 无人机

Abstract: With the rapid development of emerging aerial vehicles such as drones and electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eV-TOL) aircraft, new concepts and systems for low-altitude operations, represented by Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) and Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM), pose unprecedented challenges to the safety management capabilities of exist-ing low-altitude aviation systems. The future of low-altitude operations is expected to evolve towards high-density, on-demand responsiveness, and collaborative operations between manned and unmanned vehicles. In this context, tradi-tional management approaches within the human-in-the-loop framework are inadequate to meet the airspace demands of low-altitude operations, necessitating enhancements to existing aviation systems and the establishment of more timely and intelligent risk management capabilities. This paper first elucidates the fundamental concepts of low-altitude safety and proposes a safety management framework for future low-altitude operations, clearly defining the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders. In response to the in-time and intelligent capability requirements for risk man-agement in aviation systems driven by the development of the low-altitude economy, this paper reviews the evolution of risk management technologies and capabilities in aviation systems, synthesizes the current developmental demands, and outlines the representative research, status, and limitations of key technologies at present. Based on existing gaps and present demands, it identifies core challenges faced by low-altitude aviation systems and proposes future direc-tions for developing real-time risk management capabilities. Additionally, the paper synthesizes relevant literature to offer guidance for future research and development of risk management capabilities in low-altitude aviation systems, aiming to promote the safe and orderly development of low-altitude operations.

Key words: Low-altitude safety, Low-altitude aviation systems, In-time risk management, Urban Air Mobility (UAM), Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS)