Special Issue: Safety Control Technology of Advanced Aircraft

Overview of intelligent obstacle avoidance decision-making and safety control technologies for low-altitude UAV

  • Mou CHEN ,
  • Zihan ZHEN ,
  • Bin JIANG
Expand
  • College of Automation,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 211106,China

Received date: 2026-01-16

  Revised date: 2026-02-12

  Accepted date: 2026-03-09

  Online published: 2026-03-24

Supported by

National Natural Science Foundation of China(62533012);Jiangsu Provincial Key Program of Basic Research(BK20253024)

Abstract

As one of the representative industries of new-quality productive forces, the low-altitude economy can not only foster new economic growth points, but also drive the development of multiple related industries such as low-altitude manufacturing, low-altitude flight, low-altitude support and integrated services. It is of great significance in boosting economic growth and promoting technological innovation. Intelligent obstacle avoidance decision-making and safety control of low-altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) are prerequisites for ensuring the efficient and safe transportation of low-altitude UAV, and have thus become one of the research hotspots in the field of low-altitude economy in recent years. Based on existing research achievements at home and abroad, this paper reviews the research status of intelligent obstacle avoidance decision-making and safety control technologies for low-altitude UAV and prospects their future development directions. Specifically, it summarizes the key technologies that have been addressed from the aspects of safety obstacle avoidance decision-making for low-altitude UAV, safe path planning, safety control of low-altitude UAV under satellite signal denial, safety control of low-altitude UAV under disturbances, and safety control of low-altitude UAV under multiple constraints. Finally, the future research directions of intelligent obstacle avoidance decision-making and safety control for low-altitude UAVs are prospected.

Cite this article

Mou CHEN , Zihan ZHEN , Bin JIANG . Overview of intelligent obstacle avoidance decision-making and safety control technologies for low-altitude UAV[J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2026 , 47(9) : 533388 -533388 . DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2025.33388

References

[1] 马涛. 2025中国战略性新兴产业和未来产业发展报告:培育壮大新兴产业未来产业 优化重大生产力布局[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版)202628(2): 144-160.
  MA T. China’s strategic emerging industries and future industries development report 2025: Cultivating and expanding emerging and future industries and optimizing the spatial layout of major productive forces[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition)202628(2): 144-160 (in Chinese).
[2] 沈映春. 低空经济: “飞”出新赛道[J]. 人民论坛2024(8): 74-79.
  SHEN Y C. Low-altitude economy: “Flying” out of the new track[J]. People’s Tribune2024(8): 74-79 (in Chinese).
[3] 廖望, 曹小曙, 袁立洋, 等. 国内外低空经济研究脉络与进展评述: 基于CiteSpace的可视化分析[J]. 热带地理202545(6): 937-953.
  LIAO W, CAO X S, YUAN L Y, et al. Context and progress of domestic and international low-altitude economic research: Based on the CiteSpace software[J]. Tropical Geography202545(6): 937-953 (in Chinese).
[4] 庄茁. 人工智能赋能低空经济: 应用场景与未来方向[J]. 人民论坛·学术前沿2024(15): 38-44.
  ZHUANG Z. AI empowers low-altitude economy: Application scenarios and future directions[J].Frontiers2024(15): 38-44 (in Chinese).
[5] 张晓兰, 黄伟熔. 低空经济发展的全球态势、我国现状及促进策略[J]. 经济纵横2024(8): 53-62.
  ZHANG X L, HUANG W R. Development of low-altitude economy: Global trend, China’s current situation, and promotion measures[J]. Economic Review2024(8): 53-62 (in Chinese).
[6] 樊邦奎, 李云, 张瑞雨. 浅析低空智联网与无人机产业应用[J]. 地理科学进展202140(9): 1441-1450.
  FAN B K, LI Y, ZHANG R Y. Initial analysis of low-altitude internet of intelligences (IOI)and the applications of unmanned aerial vehicle industry[J]. Progress in Geography202140(9): 1441-1450 (in Chinese).
[7] 胡文晓, 牟迪, 李智, 等. 以关键技术问题创新引领低空经济发展对策研究[J]. 航空学报202546(9): 531539.
  HU W X, MOU D, LI Z, et al. Strategies for promoting low-altitude economy development driven by innovation in key technical issues[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica202546(9): 531539 (in Chinese).
[8] 欧宇, 陈静, 唐晓云, 等. 低空经济高技能人才培养: 产业需求与布局方向(笔谈)[J]. 中国职业技术教育2025(9): 5-16.
  OU Y, CHEN J, TANG X Y, et al. The cultivation of skilled talents for the low-altitude economy: Industrial demand and strategic directions(written discussion)[J]. Chinese Vocational and Technical Education2025(9): 5-16 (in Chinese).
[9] REZAEE M R, HAMID N A W A, HUSSIN M, et al. Comprehensive review of drones collision avoidance schemes: Challenges and open issues[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems202425(7): 6397-6426.
[10] FIORINI P, SHILLER Z. Motion planning in dynamic environments using velocity obstacles[J]. The International Journal of Robotics Research199817(7): 760-772.
[11] 郭华, 郭小和. 改进速度障碍法的无人机局部路径规划算法[J]. 航空学报202344(11): 327586.
  GUO H, GUO X H. Local path planning algorithm for UAV based on improved velocity obstacle method[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica202344(11): 327586 (in Chinese).
[12] LIANG Y X, WANG H, LIU X, et al. A dynamic obstacle avoidance algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicles based on predictive velocity obstacles[J]. Robotics and Autonomous Systems2026196: 105250.
[13] WAKABAYASHI T, SUZUKI Y, SUZUKI S. Dynamic obstacle avoidance for Multi-rotor UAV using chance-constraints based on obstacle velocity[J]. Robotics and Autonomous Systems2023160: 104320.
[14] BORENSTEIN J, KOREN Y. The vector field histogram-fast obstacle avoidance for mobile robots[J]. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation19917(3): 278-288.
[15] DING K Y, CHEN M, YONG K N. Self-adjusting angular resolution-based obstacle avoidance for inspection unmanned aerial vehicles in nuclear power stations[C]∥ 2022 41st Chinese Control Conference (CCC). Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2022: 3730-3735.
[16] ULRICH I, BORENSTEIN J. VFH+: Reliable obstacle avoidance for fast mobile robots[C]∥ Proceedings of 1998 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2002: 1572-1577.
[17] ULRICH I. VFH*: local obstacle avoidance with look-ahead verification[C]∥ Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2000, 2505-2511.
[18] HOU X L, LI Z Y, PAN Q. Autonomous navigation of a multirotor robot in GNSS-denied environments for search and rescue[J]. Science China Information Sciences202366(3): 139203.
[19] KHATIB O. Real-time obstacle avoidance for manipulators and mobile robots[J]. The International Journal of Robotics Research19865(1): 90-98.
[20] BUTT M Z, NASIR N, A. RASHID R B. A review of perception sensors, techniques, and hardware architectures for autonomous low-altitude UAVs in non-cooperative local obstacle avoidance[J]. Robotics and Autonomous Systems2024173: 104629.
[21] FAN X J, GUO Y J, LIU H, et al. Improved artificial potential field method applied for AUV path planning[J]. Mathematical Problems in Engineering20202020(1): 6523158.
[22] LI M R, QUAN L G, LI Q S, et al. UAV obstacle avoidance path planning based on improved artificial potential field method[C]∥ 2024 International Conference on Advanced Control Systems and Automation Technologies (ACSAT). Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2025: 255-258.
[23] HE X, BOURNE J R, STEINER J A, et al. Autonomous chemical-sensing aerial robot for urban/suburban environmental monitoring[J]. IEEE Systems Journal201913(3): 3524-3535.
[24] ZHOU X, WANG Z P, YE H K, et al. EGO-planner: An ESDF-free gradient-based local planner for quadrotors[J]. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters20216(2): 478-485.
[25] 姚绍杰, 闫帅明, 张浩, 等. 无人机系统安全控制研究综述: 控制障碍函数[J]. 控制与决策202439(10): 3169-3180.
  YAO S J, YAN S M, ZHANG H, et al. Review of safety control research in unmanned aerial vehicle systems: Control barrier functions[J]. Control and Decision202439(10): 3169-3180 (in Chinese).
[26] 洪瑞阳, 方洋旺, 野汶博, 等. 基于高阶控制障碍函数的无人机避障制导[J]. 火力与指挥控制202550(6): 137-143.
  HONG R Y, FANG Y W, YE W B, et al. Obstacle avoidance guidance for UAV based on higher-order control barrier functions[J]. Fire Control Command Control202550(6): 137-143 (in Chinese).
[27] SHAYAN Z, IZADI M, SCOGNAMIGLIO V, et al. Exponential control barrier function and model predictive control for jerk-level reactive motion planning of quadrotors[J]. Control Engineering Practice2025164: 106489.
[28] LOQUERCIO A, KAUFMANN E, RANFTL R, et al. Deep drone racing: From simulation to reality with domain randomization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Robotics202036(1): 1-14.
[29] ZHANG Y A, HU Y, SONG Y L, et al. Learning vision-based agile flight via differentiable physics[J]. Nature Machine Intelligence20257(6): 954-966.
[30] WANG F, ZHU X P, ZHOU Z, et al. Deep-reinforcement-learning-based UAV autonomous navigation and collision avoidance in unknown environments[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics202437(3): 237-257.
[31] SUN T, GU J J, MOU J J. UAV autonomous obstacle avoidance via causal reinforcement learning[J]. Displays202587: 102966.
[32] YAN C, SUN Y H, JIANG Y N, et al. Selective imitation enhanced deep reinforcement learning for AAV navigation and obstacle avoidance with sparse rewards[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems202526(8): 12358-12371.
[33] VAN DEN BERG J, LIN M, MANOCHA D. Reciprocal velocity obstacles for real-time multi-agent navigation[C]∥ 2008 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2008: 1928-1935.
[34] SNAPE J, VAN DEN BERG J, GUY S J, et al. The hybrid reciprocal velocity obstacle[J]. IEEE Transactions on Robotics201127(4): 696-706.
[35] VAN DEN BERG J, GUY S J, LIN M, et al. Reciprocal n-body collision avoidance[C]∥ Robotics Research. Berlin: Springer, 2011: 3-19.
[36] CHANG X C, WANG J Y, LI K, et al. Research on multi-UAV autonomous obstacle avoidance algorithm integrating improved dynamic window approach and ORCA[J]. Scientific Reports202515: 14646.
[37] WANG W N, QIAN H M. A hierarchical ORCA framework for Multi-UAV navigation in unstructured environments with velocity optimization and local minima avoidance[J]. Expert Systems with Applications2026296: 129205.
[38] LI M H, HUANG Z J, BI W H, et al. A fish evasion behavior-based vector field histogram method for obstacle avoidance of multi-UAVs[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology2025159: 109974.
[39] FU X W, ZHI C Y, WU D. Obstacle avoidance and collision avoidance of UAV swarm based on improved VFH algorithm and information sharing strategy[J]. Computers Industrial Engineering2023186: 109761.
[40] SHENG H L, ZHANG J, YAN Z Y, et al. New multi-UAV formation keeping method based on improved artificial potential field[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics202336(11): 249-270.
[41] BAI T T, TANG W, LIU Y, et al. UAV formation cooperative obstacle avoidance based on improved APF method under variable topology[J]. Science China Technological Sciences202568(9): 1920403.
[42] 秦明星, 王忠, 李海龙, 等. 基于分布式模型预测的无人机编队避障控制[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报202450(6): 1969-1981.
  QIN M X, WANG Z, LI H L, et al. Obstacle avoidance control of UAV formation based on distributed model prediction[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics202450(6): 1969-1981 (in Chinese).
[43] 胡树欣, 张安, 孙嫚憶, 等. 基于一致性理论和S-MPC的四旋翼编队协同避障[J]. 系统工程与电子技术202446(2): 658-667.
  HU S X, ZHANG A, SUN M Y, et al. Obstacles avoidance for quadrotor formation based on consensus theory and S-MPC[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics202446(2): 658-667 (in Chinese).
[44] PUENTE-CASTRO A, RIVERO D, PEDROSA E, et al. Q-learning based system for path planning with unmanned aerial vehicles swarms in obstacle environments[J]. Expert Systems with Applications2024235: 121240.
[45] ZHENG Y S. Autonomous navigation and control method of UAV swarm based on deep reinforcement learning[J]. Procedia Computer Science2025261: 870-878.
[46] YAN C, WANG C, XIANG X J, et al. Collision-avoiding flocking with multiple fixed-wing UAVs in obstacle-cluttered environments: A task-specific curriculum- based MADRL approach[J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems202435(8): 10894-10908.
[47] YAN C, WANG C, ZHOU H, et al. Multi-agent reinforcement learning with spatial-temporal attention for flocking with collision avoidance of a scalable fixed-wing UAV fleet[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems202526(2): 1769-1782.
[48] 朱元军, 李妍, 张学军, 等. 基于风险约束的城市空域无人机安全路径规划[J/OL]. 北京航空航天大学学报, (2025-03-27) [2026-01-16]. .
  ZHU Y J, LI Y, ZHANG X J, et al. Risk-constrained safe path planning for UAVs in urban airspace[J/OL]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, (2025-03-27) [2026-01-16] (in Chinese).
[49] SHENG Z M, YANG H A, WANG J K, et al. Improved BFS-based path planning algorithm with finite time generalized suboptimal search incorporating fixed-wing UAV flight constraints for complex low-altitude airspace[J]. Robotics and Autonomous Systems2025194: 105164.
[50] LIU X, YI W, CHEN P L, et al. Flight path planning of UAV-driven refinement inspection for construction sites based on 3D reconstruction[J]. Automation in Construction2025177: 106360.
[51] 俞宬, 陈谋, 雍可南. 基于改进RRT*算法的无人机往返航迹规划[J]. 中国科学: 技术科学202353(11): 1911-1921.
  YU C, CHEN M, YONG K N. Round-trip path planning for unmanned aerial vehicle based on improved RRT* algorithm[J]. Scientia Sinica (Technologica)202353(11): 1911-1921 (in Chinese).
[52] LINDQVIST B, PATEL A, L?FGREN K, et al. A tree-based next-best-trajectory method for 3-D UAV exploration[J]. IEEE Transactions on Robotics202440: 3496-3513.
[53] REN Y F, ZHU F C, LU G Z, et al. Safety-assured high-speed navigation for MAVs[J]. Science Robotics202510(98): eado6187.
[54] ZHANG P W, MEI Y, WANG H, et al. Collision-free trajectory planning for UAVs based on sequential convex programming[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology2024152: 109404.
[55] 王飞, 杨清平. 基于改进粒子群算法的城市物流无人机路径规划[J]. 科学技术与工程202323(30): 13187-13194.
  WANG F, YANG Q P. Route planning of urban logistics unmanned aerial vehicle based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering202323(30): 13187-13194 (in Chinese).
[56] PHUNG M D, HA Q P. Safety-enhanced UAV path planning with spherical vector-based particle swarm optimization[J]. Applied Soft Computing2021107: 107376.
[57] WANG M Y, WANG Q H, WANG Z, et al. Unlocking aerobatic potential of quadcopters: Autonomous freestyle flight generation and execution[J]. Science Robotics202510(101): eadp9905.
[58] 周同乐, 陈谋. 基于动态目标概率分布的核电站无人机航路强化学习规划[J]. 中国科学(信息科学)202252(9): 1642-1655.
  ZHOU T L, CHEN M. Path reinforcement learning planning of nuclear power plant UAVs based on dynamic target probability distribution[J]. Science in China (Information Sciences)202252(9): 1642-1655 (in Chinese).
[59] LIU Z Y, LI L H, ZHANG X, et al. Considering both energy effectiveness and flight safety in UAV trajectory planning for intelligent logistics[J]. Vehicular Communications202552: 100885.
[60] 许振阳, 陈谋, 韩增亮, 等. 复杂环境下基于TCP-DQN算法的低空飞行器动态航路规划[J]. 机器人202547(3): 383-393.
  XU Z Y, CHEN M, HAN Z L, et al. Dynamic path planning of low-altitude aircraft based on TCP-DQN algorithm in complex environment[J]. Robot202547(3): 383-393 (in Chinese).
[61] 刘文兵, 王艺栋. 多无人机协同搜索多目标的路径规划问题研究[J]. 电光与控制201926(3): 35-38, 73.
  LIU W B, WANG Y D. Path planning of multi-UAV cooperative search for multiple targets[J]. Electronics Optics Control201926(3): 35-38, 73 (in Chinese).
[62] LIU D Q, FEI B W, BAO W D, et al. DAWN: Dynamic task planning of multi-UAV with two-layer optimization mechanism in uncertain environments[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal202411(23): 37813-37830.
[63] 陈进朝, 王洋, 张营, 等. 基于时空密度聚类的异构无人机集群覆盖路径规划方法[J]. 电子学报202553(3): 705-715.
  CHEN J C, WANG Y, ZHANG Y, et al. Coverage path planning for heterogeneous UAVs based on temporal-spatial density clustering[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica202553(3): 705-715 (in Chinese).
[64] CHOI S C, LEE Y, CHO S W. Reinforcement learning-integrated evolutionary algorithm for enhanced unmanned aerial vehicle coverage path planning[J]. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation202597: 102051.
[65] HONG Y X, WU Q C. Dual-stage collaborative path planning and task allocation for UAV swarms in complex maritime rescue environments[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety2026268(C): 111974
[66] LI K, YAN X X, HAN Y. Multi-mechanism swarm optimization for multi-UAV task assignment and path planning in transmission line inspection under multi-wind field[J]. Applied Soft Computing2024150: 111033.
[67] CHUNG H M, MAHARJAN S, ZHANG Y, et al. Placement and routing optimization for automated inspection with unmanned aerial vehicles: A study in offshore wind farm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics202117(5): 3032-3043.
[68] GU W Y, QIN T F, CHEN D, et al. A dual-layer UAV-assisted mobile edge computing system for disaster rescue: Coordinated optimization of coverage, obstacle-avoidance path planning and task offloading[J]. Ad Hoc Networks2025178: 103981.
[69] 王伟伦, 尤明, 孙磊, 等. 未知环境下无人机集群智能协同探索路径规划[J]. 工程科学学报202446(7): 1197-1206.
  WANG W L, YOU M, SUN L, et al. Intelligent cooperative exploration path planning for UAV swarm in an unknown environment[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering202446(7): 1197-1206 (in Chinese).
[70] FENG S Y, ZENG L Z, LIU J N, et al. Multi-UAVs collaborative path planning in the cramped environment[J]. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica202411(2): 529-538.
[71] ZHANG X, XIAN B, ZHAO B, et al. Autonomous flight control of a nano quadrotor helicopter in a GPS-denied environment using on-board vision[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics201562(10): 6392-6403.
[72] LU Q, REN B B, PARAMESWARAN S, et al. Uncertainty and disturbance estimator-based robust trajectory tracking control for a quadrotor in a global positioning system-denied environment[J]. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control2018140(3): 031001.
[73] FU C H, SARABAKHA A, KAYACAN E, et al. Input uncertainty sensitivity enhanced nonsingleton fuzzy logic controllers for long-term navigation of quadrotor UAVs[J]. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics201823(2): 725-734.
[74] XIE H, LOW K H, HE Z. Adaptive visual servoing of unmanned aerial vehicles in GPS-denied environments[J]. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics201722(6): 2554-2563.
[75] MEBARKI R, LIPPIELLO V, SICILIANO B. Nonlinear visual control of unmanned aerial vehicles in GPS-denied environments[J]. IEEE Transactions on Robotics201531(4): 1004-1017.
[76] YANG L J, WANG X K, LIU Z H, et al. Robust online predictive visual servoing for autonomous landing of a rotor UAV[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles202510(4): 2818-2835.
[77] WANG L Q, NING Y, CHEN H M, et al. Autonomous flights inside narrow tunnels[J]. IEEE Transactions on Robotics202541: 2230-2250.
[78] CAO Y C. UAV circumnavigating an unknown target under a GPS-denied environment with range-only measurements[J]. Automatica201555: 150-158.
[79] DING R Z, BAI S N, DONG K X, et al. Aerodynamic effect for collision-free reactive navigation of a small quadcopter[J]. npj Robotics20231: 2.
[80] YAN J R, YU Y G, WANG X K. Hierarchical ADP-ISMC formation control of fixed-wing UAVs in local frames under bounded disturbances[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems202454(11): 6694-6707.
[81] WANG J N, LI K D, XIA K W. Distributed formation control of multi-UAV systems using relative information[J]. Journal of the Franklin Institute2024361(10): 106945.
[82] CHEN L M, XIAO J P, LIN R C H, et al. Angle-constrained formation maneuvering of unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology202331(4): 1733-1746.
[83] GUO C P, LIU F, YANG Y L, et al. Multiagent formation control for obstacle traversing using distance-only measurements in GPS-denied environments[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics202420(7): 9120-9129.
[84] MA B D, LIU Z B, JIANG F H, et al. Reinforcement learning based UAV formation control in GPS-denied environment[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics202336(11): 281-296.
[85] HWANG C L, LI C Y, WU C W. Disturbance-observer-based finite-time following control with wind resistance capability for multiple GPS-denied UAVs[J]. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems202523(10): 3082-3099.
[86] GUO K X, LI X X, XIE L H. Ultra-wideband and odometry-based cooperative relative localization with application to multi-UAV formation control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics202050(6): 2590-2603.
[87] LIU F, YUAN S H, MENG W, et al. Multiple noncooperative targets encirclement by relative distance-based positioning and neural antisynchronization control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics202471(2): 1675-1685.
[88] YANG S Y, LIN D F, HE S M, et al. Aerial swarm search for GNSS-denied maritime surveillance[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems202460(3): 3442-3453.
[89] HORYNA J, KRáTKY V, PRITZL V, et al. Fast swarming of UAVs in GNSS-denied feature-poor environments without explicit communication[J]. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters20249(6): 5284-5291.
[90] LI W, SHI S, CHEN M, et al. Composite anti-disturbance tracking control for the conversion mode of tilt-rotor aircraft via switched fuzzy modeling[J]. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems202523(3): 960-972.
[91] LIU W, CHEN M, SHI P. Fixed-time disturbance observer-based control for quadcopter suspension transportation system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Ⅰ: Regular Papers202269(11): 4632-4642.
[92] GUO H Z, CHEN M, SHEN Y H, et al. Distributed event-triggered collision avoidance formation control for QUAVs with disturbances based on virtual tubes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics202572(2): 1892-1903.
[93] CHEN M, CHEN W H. Disturbance-observer-based robust control for time delay uncertain systems[J]. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems20108(2): 445-453.
[94] CHEN M, XIONG S X, WU Q X. Tracking flight control of quadrotor based on disturbance observer[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems202151(3): 1414-1423.
[95] WANG S B, CHEN J, HE X K. An adaptive composite disturbance rejection for attitude control of the agricultural quadrotor UAV[J]. ISA Transactions2022129(Pt A): 564-579.
[96] SHEN Y H, CHEN M. Event-triggering-learning-based ADP control for post-stall pitching maneuver of aircraft[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics202454(1): 423-434.
[97] HUANG Z G, CHEN M. Coordinated disturbance observer-based flight control of fixed-wing UAV[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Ⅱ: Express Briefs202269(8): 3545-3549.
[98] GE S S, WANG C. Adaptive neural control of uncertain MIMO nonlinear systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks200415(3): 674-692.
[99] CHEN M, SHAO S Y, JIANG B. Adaptive neural control of uncertain nonlinear systems using disturbance observer[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics201747(10): 3110-3123.
[100] SHAO S Y, CHEN M, HOU J, et al. Event-triggered-based discrete-time neural control for a quadrotor UAV using disturbance observer[J]. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics202126(2): 689-699.
[101] WAN M, CHEN M, YONG K N. Adaptive tracking control for an unmanned autonomous helicopter using neural network and disturbance observer[J]. Neurocomputing2022468: 296-305.
[102] CHEN M, YAN K, WU Q X. Multiapproximator-based fault-tolerant tracking control for unmanned autonomous helicopter with input saturation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems202252(9): 5710-5722.
[103] MA H X, CHEN M, FENG G, et al. Disturbance-observer-based adaptive fuzzy tracking control for unmanned autonomous helicopter with flight boundary constraints[J]. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems202331(1): 184-198.
[104] PENG H C, MAO Z H, JIANG B, et al. Bayesian semantic-guided attribute transfer-based dual-driven fault diagnosis for UAVs swarm systems with unseen faults[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics202521(9): 6690-6700.
[105] QU R T, JIANG B, CHENG Y H, et al. Information manifold and fault detection of multi-agent systems[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics202437(10): 410-423.
[106] ABBASPOUR A, YEN K K, FOROUZANNEZHAD P, et al. A neural adaptive approach for active fault-tolerant control design in UAV[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems202050(9): 3401-3411.
[107] 张柯, 姜斌. 一种改进的自适应故障诊断设计方法及其在飞控系统中的应用[J]. 航空学报200930(7): 1271-1276.
  ZHANG K, JIANG B. Modified adaptive fault diagnosis method and its application to flight control systems[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica200930(7): 1271-1276 (in Chinese).
[108] MA H J, LIU Y L, LI T B, et al. Nonlinear high-gain observer-based diagnosis and compensation for actuator and sensor faults in a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics201915(1): 550-562.
[109] MOOR T. A discussion of fault-tolerant supervisory control in terms of formal languages[J]. Annual Reviews in Control201641: 159-169.
[110] KE C X, CAI K Y, QUAN Q. Uniform passive fault-tolerant control of a quadcopter with one, two, or three rotor failure[J]. IEEE Transactions on Robotics202339(6): 4297-4311.
[111] KE C X, CAI K Y, QUAN Q. Analysis of a uniform passive fault-tolerant control method for multicopters[J]. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics202435(6): 1574-1582.
[112] 袁荣, 吴陈远, 邵书义, 等. 干扰与传感器故障下固定翼无人机抗饱和控制[J]. 航空学报202647(9): 532487.
  YUAN R, WU C Y, SHAO S Y, et al. Anti-saturation control of fixed-wing UAVs under disturbances and sensor faults[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica202647(9): 532487 (in Chinese).
[113] 邵书义, 陈谋, 招启军. 基于干扰观测器的四旋翼无人机离散时间容错控制[J]. 航空学报202041(S2): 724283.
  SHAO S Y, CHEN M, ZHAO Q J. Discrete-time fault-tolerant control for quadrotor UAV based on disturbance observer[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica202041(S2): 724283 (in Chinese).
[114] CHEN L J, JIANG B. Integrated neural fault-tolerant control using LPV sliding mode observer for quadrotors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems202561(6): 19098-19111.
[115] WEI L L, CHEN M, LI T. Disturbance-observer-based formation-containment control for UAVs via distributed adaptive event-triggered mechanisms[J]. Journal of the Franklin Institute2021358(10): 5305-5333.
[116] GUO H Z, CHEN M, JIANG Y H, et al. Distributed adaptive human-in-the-loop event-triggered formation control for QUAVs with quantized communication[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics202319(6): 7572-7582.
[117] LIU K, YANG W Y, JIAO L, et al. Fast fixed-time distributed neural formation control-based disturbance observer for multiple quadrotor UAVs under unknown disturbances[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems202561(5): 13137-13155.
[118] WEI L L, CHEN M. Distributed DETMs-based internal collision avoidance control for UAV formation with lumped disturbances[J]. Applied Mathematics and Computation2022433: 127362.
[119] WEI L L, CHEN M, SHI S. Dynamic event-triggered consensus cost-based switching control for UAV formation with disturbances[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles20249(2): 3531-3543.
[120] LIU W, CHEN M, ZHANG P. Appointed-time disturbance observer-based control for multiquadrotor suspended transport system within virtual trajectory[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems202561(3): 7320-7336.
[121] WANG Z J, WANG T, LI T, et al. Distributed observer-based close formation control for UAV swarm under outside disturbances and wake interferences[J]. Journal of the Franklin Institute2024361(5): 106651.
[122] YU Z Q, QU Y H, ZHANG Y M. Safe control of trailing UAV in close formation flight against actuator fault and wake vortex effect[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology201877: 189-205.
[123] GONG J Y, MA Y J, JIANG B, et al. An adaptive fault-tolerant control scheme for heterogeneous multiagent systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems202555(2): 1264-1276.
[124] 卢园, 张柯, 姜斌 .基于全驱系统方法的直升机分层容错编队控制[J]. 航空学报202647(9): 532279.
  LU Y, ZHANG K, JIANG B. Hierarchical fault-tolerant formation control for unmanned helicopters based on the fully actuated system approach[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica202647(9): 532279 (in Chinese).
[125] YE Z Y, JIANG B, YU Z Q, et al. Adaptive descriptor sliding-mode observer-based dynamic event-triggered consensus of multiagent systems against actuator and sensor faults[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics202555(2): 672-683.
[126] ZHANG C C, YANG H, JIANG B, et al. Flocking control against malicious agent[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control202469(5): 3278-3285.
[127] GONG J Y, JIANG B, MA Y J, et al. Distributed adaptive fault-tolerant formation-containment control with prescribed performance for heterogeneous multiagent systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics202353(12): 7787-7799.
[128] YU Z Q, ZHOU R F, SUN P Y, et al. Hierarchical distributed adaptive fault-tolerant control of nonlinear fractional-order multiagent systems with faults and periodic disturbances using event-triggered communication[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics202454(9): 5231-5243.
[129] ZHANG K, MIAO Q Y, JIANG B. Learning-based fault-tolerant optimal formation control of helicopters: An incremental fully actuated system approach[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics202656(1): 81-93.
[130] 陈谋, 马浩翔, 雍可南, 等. 无人机安全飞行控制综述[J]. 机器人202345(3): 345-366.
  CHEN M, MA H X, YONG K N, et al. Safety flight control of UAV: A survey[J]. Robot202345(3): 345-366 (in Chinese).
[131] 徐现乐, 蒋婉玥, 李东禹. 巡检电路无人机抗饱和位姿控制[J/OL]. 飞控与探测, (2025-12-01) [2026-01-16]. .
  XU X L, JIANG W Y, LI D Y. Anti-saturation attitude control of inspection UAVs[J/OL]. Flight Control Detection, (2025-12-01) [2026-01-16]. (in Chinese).
[132] SMITH J, SU J Y, LIU C J, et al. Disturbance observer based control with anti-windup applied to a small fixed wing UAV for disturbance rejection[J]. Journal of Intelligent Robotic Systems201788(2): 329-346.
[133] YU Z Q, ZHANG Y M, JIANG B, et al. Nussbaum-based finite time fractional-order backstepping fault-tolerant flight control of fixed-wing UAV against input saturation with hardware-in the-loop validation[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing2021153: 107406.
[134] SHEN Z P, LI F, CAO X M, et al. Prescribed performance dynamic surface control for trajectory tracking of quadrotor UAV with uncertainties and input constraints[J]. International Journal of Control202194(11): 2945-2955.
[135] KHADHRAOUI A, ZOUAOUI A, SAAD M. Barrier Lyapunov function and adaptive backstepping-based control of a quadrotor UAV[J]. Robotica202341(10): 2941-2963.
[136] WANG J, WANG P, MA X. Adaptive event-triggered control for quadrotor aircraft with output constraints[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology2020105: 105935.
[137] XU Y W, ZHOU R F, YU Z Q, et al. Barrier Lyapunov function-based finite-time reliable trajectory tracking control of fixed-wing UAV with error constraints[J]. IFAC-PapersOnLine202255(6): 597-602.
[138] 呼忠权, 华长春, 张柳柳, 等. 预定性能约束下的四旋翼无人机固定时间控制[J]. 控制理论与应用202542(6): 1216-1226.
  HU Z Q, HUA C C, ZHANG L L, et al. Fixed-time control of quadrotor UAVs with prescribed performance constrains[J]. Control Theory Applications202542(6): 1216-1226 (in Chinese).
[139] 武晓晶, 韩欣芮, 吴学礼, 等. 动力学参数未知的四旋翼无人机预定性能控制[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报202349(10): 2587-2595.
  WU X J, HAN X R, WU X L, et al. Prescribed performance control for quadrotor UAV with unknown kinetic parameters[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics202349(10): 2587-2595 (in Chinese).
[140] NIU W X, SONG Y, LIU J J, et al. Fixed-time prescribed performance fault-tolerant control for quadrotor UAV based on ESO[J]. International Journal of Systems, Control and Communications202314(3): 207-235.
[141] 李志南, 李卫华, 王鹏, 等. 输入受限的多旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪鲁棒正定不变集设计[J]. 控制与决策202136(4): 857-866.
  LI Z N, LI W H, WANG P, et al. Design of robust positively invariant set for trajectory tracking of multi-rotor UAV with input saturation[J]. Control and Decision202136(4): 857-866 (in Chinese).
[142] 刘昱鑫, 刘正华, 曹玉波. 基于鲁棒不变集的无人机轨迹跟踪控制研究与应用[J/OL]. 控制工程, (2025-05-28) [2026-01-16]. .
  LIU Y X, LIU Z H, CAO Y B. Trajectory tracking control of UAVs based on robust invariant sets[J/OL]. Control Engineering, (2025-05-28) [2026-01-16] (in Chinese).
[143] YONG K N, CHEN M, WU Q X. Constrained adaptive neural control for a class of nonstrict-feedback nonlinear systems with disturbances[J]. Neurocomputing2018272(C): 405-415.
[144] ZHU B, CHEN M, LI T. Prescribed performance-based tracking control for quadrotor UAV under input delays and input saturations[J]. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control202244(10): 2049-2062.
[145] LIU W, CHEN M, YONG K N. Flexible performance constraint-based control of a quadrotor UAV-suspended payload system under input saturation[J]. International Journal of Systems Science202455(1): 130-146.
[146] LI W, SHI S, CHEN M, et al. Mixed-auxiliary systems based switching adaptive tracking control for conversion mode of tilt-rotor aircraft[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology2026168: 110921.
[147] LI A, YIN H T, FU P, et al. Distributed formation control for multiple QUAVs with independent output constraints and actuator amplitude/rate saturation[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology2026168: 110868.
[148] DUAN H B, YUAN Y, ZENG Z G. Distributed cooperative control of multiple UAVs in the presence of actuator faults and input constraints[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Ⅱ: Express Briefs202269(11): 4463-4467.
[149] 郭洪振, 陈谋. 基于预设性能的四旋翼无人机编队安全控制[J]. 航空学报202142(8): 525789.
  GUO H Z, CHEN M. Safety formation control of quadrotor UAVs based on prescribed performance[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica202142(8): 525789 (in Chinese).
[150] CUI G Z, XU H, YU J P, et al. Event-triggered distributed fixed-time adaptive attitude control with prescribed performance for multiple QUAVs[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering202421(3): 4471-4481.
[151] CUI G Z, XU H, CHEN X K, et al. Fixed-time distributed adaptive formation control for multiple QUAVs with full-state constraints[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems202359(4): 4192-4206.
[152] 陈谋, 刘伟, 张鹏. 性能约束下的四旋翼无人机协同吊挂系统分布式避碰跟踪控制[J]. 自动化学报202450(12): 2392-2406.
  CHEN M, LIU W, ZHANG P. Distributed collision avoidance tracking control for quadrotor cooperative suspension system under performance constraints[J]. Acta Automatica Sinica202450(12): 2392-2406 (in Chinese).
[153] JIN X, HU Z J. Adaptive cooperative load transportation by a team of quadrotors with multiple constraint requirements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems202324(1): 801-814.
[154] 付俊杰, 林潇坤, 温广辉. 基于高阶控制障碍函数的多固定翼无人机鲁棒避障安全编队跟踪控制[J]. 机器人202547(1): 85-98.
  FU J J, LIN X K, WEN G H. Robust obstacle avoidance and safe formation tracking control for multiple fixed-wing UAVs based on high-order control barrier functions[J]. Robot202547(1): 85-98 (in Chinese).
[155] 方浩, 赵欣悦, 陈杰. 无人飞行器集群自主控制: 预设性能驱动的安全编队控制[J]. 自动化学报202551(5): 931-941.
  FANG H, ZHAO X Y, CHEN J. Autonomous control of unmanned aerial vehicle swarms: Prescribed performance driven safety formation control[J]. Acta Automatica Sinica202551(5): 931-941 (in Chinese).
[156] XIA K W, PENG J H, WANG W, et al. Distributed robustness-and-safety-critical formation control of autonomous aerial vehicles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems202561(6): 18581-18593.
[157] WANG S F, WANG Y N, MIAO Z Q, et al. Dual model predictive control of multiple quadrotors with formation maintenance and collision avoidance[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics202471(12): 16037-16046.
[158] 戴邵武, 赵超轮, 李飞, 等. 一种多约束下无人机编队的模型预测控制算法[J]. 控制与决策202338(3): 706-714.
  DAI S W, ZHAO C L, LI F, et al. An algorithm of model predictive control for formation control of a multiUAV system considering multiple constraints[J]. Control and Decision202338(3): 706-714 (in Chinese).
Outlines

/