ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA >
Flow control mechanism of powder fuel pre-injection in wide-speed-range inlet
Received date: 2026-02-10
Revised date: 2026-03-04
Accepted date: 2026-04-16
Online published: 2026-04-30
Supported by
Postgraduate Research Innovative Project of Central South University(2026ZZTS0287);National Level Project
With the continuous expansion of the flight speed and altitude envelopes of air-breathing hypersonic vehicles， the core technical challenges faced by solid powder scramjets have shifted from simply pursuing improved blending combustion efficiency to deeper wave system regulation and flow control. Based on the Euler-Lagrange framework， a numerical model and method are established for compressible gas-solid two-phase turbulent flow， investigates the flow control mechanism of powder fuel pre-injection in a wide-speed-range inlet， and analyzes the influence mechanisms of different incoming flow Mach numbers （4–7） and powder fuel transport solid-gas ratios （2.0–14.0） on the flow characteristics， performance， and powder fuel mixing process of the inlet. Through a systematic analysis of the interaction mechanism between the inlet wave system structure and the boundary layer under pre-injection， it is found that pre-injection can reconstruct the wave system structures of the internal and external compression sections， which improves the inlet pressurization performance while also reducing the total pressure recovery performance. By establishing the intrinsic correlation between the transport solid-gas ratio and the mixing efficiency of powder fuel， the formation mechanisms of the high vorticity region in the gas-solid two-phase shear layer， the high vorticity region in the wake， and the particle phase stagnation region at the shoulder are revealed， and the particle dispersion characteristics and the evolution laws of the vortex structure in the above regions are clarified.
Shibin LUO , Daliang YANG , Jiaqi TIAN , Rui LIU , Yanbin FENG . Flow control mechanism of powder fuel pre-injection in wide-speed-range inlet[J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2026 , 47(17) : 633496 -633496 . DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.33496
| [1] | LUO S B， SUN Y H， LIU J， et al. Research status and development trend of air-breathing high-speed vehicle/engine integration［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2024， 155： 109675. |
| [2] | 李潮隆， 夏智勋， 包磊， 等. 固体超燃冲压发动机燃烧组织技术研究进展［J］. 航空学报， 2025， 46（18）： 131752. |
| LI C L， XIA Z X， BAO L， et al. Research progress on combustion organization technology of scramjet fueled by solid propellant［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2025， 46（18）： 131752 （in Chinese）. | |
| [3] | 李超， 韩锁峰， 李俊杰， 等. 粉末燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室工作特性研究［J/OL］. 推进技术， （2025-07-16） ［2026-04-26］. . |
| LI C， HAN S F， LI J J， et al. Operation characteristics of powder fuel scramjet combusting［J/OL］. Journal of Propulsion Technology， （2025-07-16） ［2026-04-26］. （in Chinese）. | |
| [4] | LUO S B， FENG Y B， SONG J W， et al. Progress and challenges in exploration of powder fueled ramjets［J］. Applied Thermal Engineering， 2022， 213： 118776. |
| [5] | 肖威. 可压缩气固两相湍流边界层/射流的直接数值模拟研究［D］. 杭州： 浙江大学， 2021： 85-90. |
| XIAO W. Direct numerical simulation of compressible gas-solid two-phase turbulent boundary layer and transverse jet［D］. Hangzhou： Zhejiang University， 2021： 85-90 （in Chinese）. | |
| [6] | ZHAO K C， XIA Z X， MA L K， et al. Large-eddy simulation of gas-particle two-phase jet into a supersonic crossflow［J］. Physics of Fluids， 2023， 35（2）： 023310. |
| [7] | DING H M， ZHUO C F， CHEN X， et al. Numerical study on the transverse jet flow and mixing characteristics of hydrogen/metal powder fuel in powder fuel scramjet［J］. Fuel， 2022， 326： 125088. |
| [8] | DING H M， ZHUO C F， DENG H Y， et al. Numerical study on coupled flow characteristics of a gas-solid two-phase jet in a supersonic crossflow［J］. International Journal of Multiphase Flow， 2023， 168： 104583. |
| [9] | LUO S B， FENG Y B， SONG J W， et al. Powder fuel transport process and mixing characteristics in cavity-based supersonic combustor with different injection schemes［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2022， 128： 107798. |
| [10] | FENG Y B， LUO S B， SONG J W， et al. Numerical investigation on flow and mixing characteristics of powder fuel under strong shear and shock wave interaction［J］. Energy， 2023， 263： 126061. |
| [11] | PARENT B， SISLIAN J P， SCHUMACHER J. Numerical investigation of the turbulent mixing performance of a cantilevered ramp injector［J］. AIAA Journal， 2002， 40（8）： 1559-1566. |
| [12] | WANG Y W， SISLIAN J P. Numerical simulation of gaseous hydrocarbon fuel injection in a hypersonic inlet［J］. Journal of Propulsion and Power， 2010， 26（5）： 1114-1124. |
| [13] | GARDNER A D， PAULL A， MCINTYRE T J. Upstream porthole injection in a 2-D scramjet model［J］. Shock Waves， 2002， 11（5）： 369-375. |
| [14] | TURNER J C， SMART M K. Application of inlet injection to a three-dimensional scramjet at Mach 8［J］. AIAA Journal， 2010， 48（4）： 829-838. |
| [15] | BARTH J E， WHEATLEY V， SMART M K. Effects of hydrogen fuel injection in a Mach 12 scramjet inlet［J］. AIAA Journal， 2015， 53（10）： 2907-2919. |
| [16] | BARTH J E， WISE D J， WHEATLEY V， et al. Tailored fuel injection for performance enhancement in a Mach 12 scramjet engine［J］. Journal of Propulsion and Power， 2019， 35（1）： 72-86. |
| [17] | VANYAI T， BRIESCHENK S， BRICALLI M， et al. Thermal compression effects within a fundamental， hydrogen-fuelled scramjet［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2021， 110： 106499. |
| [18] | 姚轩宇， 王春， 喻江， 等. JF12激波风洞高Mach数超燃冲压发动机实验研究［J］. 气体物理， 2019， 4（5）： 25-31. |
| YAO X Y， WANG C， YU J， et al. High-Mach-number scramjet engine tests in JF12 shock tunnel［J］. Physics of Gases， 2019， 4（5）： 25-31 （in Chinese）. | |
| [19] | DU Z B， HUANG W， YAN L， et al. Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes study of steady and pulsed gaseous jets with different periods for the shock-induced combustion ramjet engine［J］. Physics of Fluids， 2019， 31（5）： 055107. |
| [20] | DU Z B， SHEN C B， HUANG W， et al. Parametric study on mixing augmentation mechanism induced by cantilevered ramp injectors in a shock-induced combustion ramjet engine［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2021， 108： 106413. |
| [21] | 渠镇铭， 李海涛， 罗飞腾， 等. 燃料预喷注与释热对高马赫数进气道性能影响的数值研究［J］. 推进技术， 2024， 45（7）： 2305032. |
| QU Z M， LI H T， LUO F T， et al. Numerical simulation of fuel pre-injection and heat release effects on higher Mach inlet performance［J］. Journal of Propulsion Technology， 2024， 45（7）： 2305032 （in Chinese）. | |
| [22] | 王磊. 高超声速二元弯曲激波压缩流场的分析、优化与应用［D］. 南京： 南京航空航天大学， 2016： 51-67. |
| WANG L. Analysis， optimization and application of hypersonic two-dimensional curved shock compression［D］. Nanjing： Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics， 2016： 51-67 （in Chinese）. | |
| [23] | 李永洲， 张堃元， 张留欢. 抽吸对高超声速内收缩进气道涡流区及起动性能的影响［J］. 航空动力学报， 2016， 31（7）： 1630-1637. |
| LI Y Z， ZHANG K Y， ZHANG L H. Effect of bleeding on vortex region and starting performance of hypersonic inward turning inlet［J］. Journal of Aerospace Power， 2016， 31（7）： 1630-1637 （in Chinese）. | |
| [24] | 罗飞腾， 渠镇铭， 李海涛， 等. 高超声速进气道预喷注技术研究进展与关键问题［J］. 航空学报， 2025， 46（8）： 631189. |
| LUO F T， QU Z M， LI H T， et al. Research progress and key issues of inlet pre-injection at hypersonic condition［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2025， 46（8）： 631189 （in Chinese）. | |
| [25] | VINOGRADOV V A， SHIKHMAN Y M， SEGAL C. A review of fuel pre-injection in supersonic， chemically reacting flows［J］. Applied Mechanics Reviews， 2007， 60（4）： 139-148. |
| [26] | FENG Y B， LUO S B， SONG J W， et al. Numerical investigation on the combustion characteristics of aluminum powder fuel in a supersonic cavity-based combustor［J］. Applied Thermal Engineering， 2023， 221： 119842. |
| [27] | LOTH E. Compressibility and rarefaction effects on drag of a spherical particle［J］. AIAA Journal， 2008， 46（9）： 2219-2228. |
| [28] | CUNDALL P A， STRACK O D L. A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies［J］. Géotechnique， 1979， 29（1）： 47-65. |
| [29] | HERTZ H. üeber die Berührung fester elastischer K?rper［J］. Journal für Die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik （Crelle’s Journal）， 1882（92）： 156-171. |
| HERTZ H. On the contact of solid elastic bodies［J］. Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics （Crelle’s Journal）， 1882（92）： 156-171 （in German）. | |
| [30] | HERRMANN C D， KOSCHEL W W. Experimental investigation of the internal compression inside a hypersonic intake［C］∥38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston： AIAA， 2002. |
| [31] | REINARTZ B U， HERRMANN C D， BALLMANN J， et al. Aerodynamic performance analysis of a hypersonic inlet isolator using computation and experiment［J］. Journal of Propulsion and Power， 2003， 19（5）： 868-875. |
| [32] | SOMMERFELD M. The structure of particle-laden， underexpanded free jets［J］. Shock Waves， 1994， 3（4）： 299-311. |
| [33] | Committee Computational Fluid Dynamics Committee. Guide： Guide for the verification and validation of computational fluid dynamics simulations： AIAA G-077-1998（2002） ［S］. Reston： AIAA， 1998. |
| [34] | OBERKAMPF W L， TRUCANO T G. Verification and validation in computational fluid dynamics［J］. Progress in Aerospace Sciences， 2002， 38（3）： 209-272. |
| [35] | DU Z B， SHEN C B， HUANG W， et al. Mixing augmentation induced by the combination of the oblique shock wave and secondary recirculation jet in a supersonic crossflow［J］. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy， 2022， 47（11）： 7458-7477. |
| [36] | CAO D G， MICHAELS D. Vorticity transport in different regions of a strut-based scramjet［J］. AIAA Journal， 2022， 60（8）： 4532-4543. |
| [37] | TROCCOLI E， FEDERRATH C. The statistics and structure of dissipation in subsonic and supersonic turbulence［J］. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society， 2026， 547（4）： 461-474. |
| [38] | 陈斌斌， 夏智勋， 王德全， 等. 固冲发动机补燃室掺混过程评估方法研究［J］. 固体火箭技术， 2013， 36（6）： 731-735. |
| CHEN B B， XIA Z X， WANG D Q， et al. Study on mixing process assessment method in solid ramjet［J］. Journal of Solid Rocket Technology， 2013， 36（6）： 731-735 （in Chinese）. | |
| [39] | 任全彬， 胡建新， 王英红， 等. 固体火箭冲压发动机燃烧基础［M］. 北京： 国防工业出版社， 2016： 135-136. |
| REN Q B， HU J X， WANG Y H， et al. Combustion basis of solid rocket ramjet［M］. Beijing： National Defense Industry Press， 2016： 135-136 （in Chinese）. | |
| [40] | 胡加明， 胡春波， 李悦， 等. 扰流环对粉末发动机燃烧流动影响的数值模拟［J］. 航空动力学报， 2019， 34（7）： 1558-1567. |
| HU J M， HU C B， LI Y， et al. Numerical simulation of spoiler ring’s effect on combustion and flow of powdered rocket motor［J］. Journal of Aerospace Power， 2019， 34（7）： 1558-1567 （in Chinese）. | |
| [41] | XU D Q， LUO S B， SONG J W， et al. Effects of injection angle and injector mode variation on the fluidization performance of a powder-fueled ramjet［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2022， 129： 107827. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
CJA