To meet the rapid convergence performance requirements of high-speed aircraft, a finite-time inverse optimization composite control strategy is proposed. First, simplify the dynamic model of the high-speed aircraft, establish a second-order system model and a formation error dynamic model. Then, a finite-time convergent sliding mode control method is designed to enhance the convergence speed of cooperative errors in high-speed aircraft formations, meeting the real-time requirements of cooperative control during rapid maneuvers. On the basis of finite-time convergence, an inverse optimization composite control method is further proposed to improve the cooperative control performance of the system, aiming to satisfy specified optimal performance metrics. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the text-based inverse optimization composite control method based on limited time were verified through simulation experiments.