Effect of strain rate on spall strength of Ti-6Al-4V dual-phase alloy

Qianhua YANG; Yang YANG; Binwen WANG; Yupei GUO

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2025.32318

ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA >

2025 , Vol. 46 >Issue 21: 532318 - 532318

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7527/S1000-6893.2025.32318

Special Issue: 60th Anniversary of Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China

Effect of strain rate on spall strength of Ti-6Al-4V dual-phase alloy

Qianhua YANG ,
Yang YANG ,
Binwen WANG ,
Yupei GUO

Expand

^1.School of Materials Science and Engineering，Central South University，Changsha 410083，China
^2.National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity，Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China，Xi’an 710065，China

E-mail： yangyang@csu.edu.cn

Received date: 2025-05-29

Revised date: 2025-06-17

Accepted date: 2025-07-11

Online published: 2025-07-15

Supported by

National Natural Science Foundation of China(51871243);Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2019JJ40381);Open Fund of National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity(ASSIKFJJ202304001);Joint Open Fund Project of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering(PBSKL2022C01);Open Project of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Neutron Scattering Science and Technology(HT-CSNS-DG-CD-0092/2021);Open Fund Project of Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(22kfgk06);Open Fund Project of Hubei Longzhong Laboratory(2022KF-08)

Fold

Abstract

To investigate the effect of strain rate on spall strength of Ti-6Al-4V dual-phase alloy， the spall processes of Ti-6Al-4V dual-phase alloy under different impact velocities were simulated by molecular dynamics method. It was found that the spall strength increased first and then decreased with increasing strain rate. The critical strain rate （ $ε ˙ c$ ） for the transformation of spall mechanism from classic spall to micro-spall was proposed and verified for the first time. The classic spall occurred when $ε ˙$ ≤ $ε ˙ c$ ， while the micro-spall occurred when $ε ˙$ > $ε ˙ c$ . It was revealed that the internal mechanism for the transformation of spall mechanism from classic spall to micro-spall was closely related to dislocation density and melt ratio. The voids nucleated under the tensile stress produced by the meeting of two opposite rarefaction waves when the classic spall occurred. The increase of dislocation density led to the increase of spall strength. The voids nucleated under the stress-thermal synergistic effect of tensile stress and high temperature melt when the micro-spall occurred. The increase of melt ratio led to the decrease of spall strength.

Key words： molecular dynamics; spall strength; classic spall; micro-spall; Ti-6Al-4V dual-phase alloy

Cite this article

Qianhua YANG , Yang YANG , Binwen WANG , Yupei GUO . Effect of strain rate on spall strength of Ti-6Al-4V dual-phase alloy[J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2025 , 46(21) : 532318 -532318 . DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2025.32318

References

[1]	洪逸非，李绪海，吴凤超，等. 冲击加载-卸载-再加载条件下Cr-Ni-Mo钢的层裂损伤［J］. 高压物理学报， 2024， 38（5）： 117-126.
	HONG Y F， LI X H， WU F C， et al. Spall damage of Cr-Ni-Mo steel under shock-release-reloading conditions［J］. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics， 2024， 38（5）： 117-126 （in Chinese）.
[2]	罗小平，李绪海，唐泽明，等. 冲击应力和脉宽对NbTiZr中熵合金层裂的影响［J］. 高压物理学报， 2024， 38（6）： 19-28.
	LUO X P， LI X H， TANG Z M， et al. Effects of shock peak stress and pulse duration on spall damage of NbTiZr medium-entropy alloy［J］. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics， 2024， 38（6）： 19-28 （in Chinese）.
[3]	YANG Y， WANG H， WANG C， et al. Effects of the phase interface on spallation damage nucleation and evolution in dual-phase steel［J］. Steel Research International， 2020， 91（6）： 1900583.
[4]	YANG Y， WANG H， WANG C. Effects of the phase content on spallation damage behavior in dual-phase steel［J］. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance， 2021， 30（8）： 5614-5624.
[5]	YANG Y， YANG S， WANG H. Effects of the phase content on dynamic damage evolution in Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high entropy alloy［J］. Journal of Alloys and Compounds， 2021， 851： 156883.
[6]	YANG Y， YANG S， WANG H. Effects of microstructure on the evolution of dynamic damage of Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high entropy alloy［J］. Materials Science and Engineering： A， 2021， 802： 140440.
[7]	YANG Y， HUANG J， WANG H， et al. Grain boundary effects on spall behavior of high purity copper cylinder under sweeping detonation［J］. Journal of Central South University， 2022， 29（4）： 1107-1117.
[8]	辛建婷，席涛，范伟，等. 飞秒激光驱动超高应变率加载下铝材料的层裂特性［J］. 高压物理学报， 2022， 36（3）： 60-66.
	XIN J T， XI T， FAN W， et al. The spallation characteristics of Al under ultra-high strain rate loading driven by femtosecond laser［J］. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics， 2022， 36（3）： 60-66 （in Chinese）.
[9]	SUN Y， YANG Y， ZHU Y， et al. Investigation of size effects on spall damage behavior in nanocrystalline aluminum during high impact［J］. Materials Science and Engineering A， 2024， 922： 147663.
[10]	陈永涛，洪仁楷，陈浩玉，等. 爆轰加载下金属材料的微层裂现象［J］.爆炸与冲击， 2017， 37（1）： 61-67.
	CHEN Y T， HONG R K， CHEN H Y， et al. Micro-spalling of metal under explosive loading［J］. Explosion And Shock Waves， 2017， 37（1）： 61-67 （in Chinese）.
[11]	王路生，罗龙，刘浩，等. 冲击速度对单晶镍层裂行为的影响规律及作用机制［J］. 物理学报， 2024， 73（16）： 164601.
	WANG L S， LUO L， LIU H， et al. Law and mechanism of impact velocity on spalling and fracture behavior of single crystal nickel［J］. Acta Physica Sinica， 2024， 73（16）： 164601 （in Chinese）.
[12]	杨向阳，吴楯，祝有麟，等. 不同波形加载下［100］单晶铝层裂破坏的分子动力学模拟研究［J］. 高压物理学报， 2024， 38（3）： 62-72.
	YANG X Y， WU D， ZHU Y L， et al. Molecular dynamics simulation study on spallation failure of ［100］ single crystal aluminum under different waveform loadings［J］. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics， 2024， 38（3）： 62-72 （in Chinese）.
[13]	刘涛，邵博，雷经发，等. 固溶温度对TC4钛合金微观组织和动态拉伸力学性能的影响［J］. 稀有金属材料与工程， 2023， 52（12）： 4133-4140.
	LIU T， SHAO B， LEI J F， et al. Effect of solid solution temperature on the microstructure and dynamic tensile mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy［J］. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering， 2023， 52（12）： 4133-4140 （in Chinese）.
[14]	YANG Y， JIANG Z， WANG C， et al. Effects of the phase interface on initial spallation damage nucleation and evolution in dual phase titanium alloy［J］. Materials Science and Engineering A， 2018， 731： 385-393.
[15]	HIREL P. Atomsk： A tool for manipulating and converting atomic data files［J］. Computer Physics Communications， 2015， 197： 212-219.
[16]	MAURYA S K， NIE J F， ALANKAR A. Atomistic analyses of HCP-FCC transformation and reorientation of Ti in Al-Ti multilayers［J］. Computational Materials Science， 2021， 192： 110329.
[17]	ZHANG J Y， SUN Z P， ZHANG Y S， et al. Interface dislocation trajectory and long-range strain associated with the migration of semicoherent interfaces［J］. Acta Materialia， 2024， 277： 120167.
[18]	ZHOU X W， JOHNSON R A， WADLEY H N G. Misfit-energy-increasing dislocations in vapor-deposited CoFe/NiFe multilayers［J］. Physical Review B， 2004， 69（14）： 144113.
[19]	ZHAO S， XIONG Y， MA S， et al. Defect accumulation and evolution in refractory multi-principal element alloys［J］. Acta Materialia， 2021， 219： 117233.
[20]	THOMPSON A P， AKTULGA H M， BERGER R， et al. LAMMPS-a flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic， meso， and continuum scales［J］. Computer Physics Communications， 2022， 271： 108171.
[21]	STUKOWSKI A. Visualization and analysis of atomistic simulation data with OVITO-the Open Visualization Tool［J］. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering， 2009， 18（1）： 015012.
[22]	STUKOWSKI A， BULATOV V V， ARSENLIS A. Automated identification and indexing of dislocations in crystal interfaces［J］. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering， 2012， 20（8）： 085007.
[23]	STUKOWSKI A， ALBE K. Extracting dislocations and non-dislocation crystal defects from atomistic simulation data［J］. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering， 2010， 18（8）： 085001.
[24]	STUKOWSKI A. Structure identification methods for atomistic simulations of crystalline materials［J］. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering， 2012， 20（4）： 045021.
[25]	杨扬，蒋志，胡海波，等. 相界面对双相钛合金层裂孔洞形核的影响［J］. 矿冶工程， 2018， 38（3）： 143-147.
	YANG Y， JIANG Z， HU H B， et al. Effects of phase interface on void nucleation of spallation in dual phase titanium alloy［J］. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering， 2018， 38（3）： 143-147 （in Chinese）.
[26]	DOBROSAVLJEVIC V V， ZHANG D， STURHAHN W， et al. Melting and defect transitions in FeO up to pressures of Earth’s core-mantle boundary［J］. Nature Communications， 2023， 14（1）： 7336.
[27]	KULYAMINA E Y， ZITSERMAN V Y， FOKIN L R. Titanium melting curve： Data consistency assessment， problems and achievements［J］. Technical Physics， 2018， 63（3）： 369-373.
[28]	KALITA P， COCHRANE K R， KNUDSON M D， et al. Ti-6Al-4V to over 1.2 TPa： Shock Hugoniot experiments， ab initio calculations， and a broad-range multiphase equation of state［J］. Physical review B， 2023， 107（9）： 094101.
[29]	LI G， WANG Y， WANG K， et al. Shock induced plasticity and phase transition in single crystal lead by molecular dynamics simulations［J］. Journal of Applied Physics， 2019， 126（7）： 075902.
[30]	张凤国，赵福祺，刘军，等. 延性金属层裂强度对温度、晶粒尺寸和加载应变率的依赖特性及其物理建模［J］. 物理学报， 2022， 71（3）： 191-198.
	ZHANG F G， ZHAO F Q， LIU J， et al. Dependence of spall strength on temperature， grain size and strain rate in pure ductile metals［J］. Acta Physica Sinica， 2022， 71（3）： 191-198 （in Chinese）.
[31]	TAN J， LU L， LI H Y， et al. Anisotropic deformation and damage of dual-phase Ti-6Al-4V under high strain rate loading［J］. Materials Science and Engineering A， 2019， 742： 532-539.
[32]	LI P B， LUO G Q， HU J N， et al. Microstructure evolution and spall behavior of 2024Al alloy under ramp wave loading ［J］. International Journal of Plasticity， 2025， 191： 104399.
[33]	陈荣，马荣，王峥，等. 铸态TiZrNbV难熔高熵合金的层裂行为［J］. 含能材料， 2024， 32（4）： 387-396.
	CHEN R， MA R， WANG Z， et al. Spalling behavior of as?cast TiZrNbV refractory high entropy alloy［J］. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials， 2024， 32（4）： 387-396 （in Chinese）.

Options

Outlines

模态框（Modal）标题

Abstract

Cite this article

References