Electronics and Electrical Engineering and Control

A real-time high-precision frequency estimation algorithm for Starlink signals with CPU+GPU parallel acceleration

  • Chuanjin DAI ,
  • Peijie QIN ,
  • Lin LI ,
  • Bo ZANG
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  • 1.Institute of Information and Navigation,Air Force Engineering University,Xi’an 710077,China
    2.School of Electronic Engineering,Xidian University,Xi’an 710071,China

Received date: 2025-03-28

  Revised date: 2025-04-14

  Accepted date: 2025-06-16

  Online published: 2025-06-27

Supported by

National Natural Science Foundation of China(61973314);National Social Science Fund of China(2024SKJJB037)

Abstract

The design and implementation of a real-time high-precision frequency estimation algorithm for Starlink downlink signals is a critical technology for the engineering application of LEO satellite dynamic opportunistic navigation. Traditional algorithms such as maxi-mum likelihood estimation, frequency-domain sliding window estimation, and Kalman filtering suffer from poor robustness and insufficient real-time performance in capturing low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Starlink signals. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Multi-Carrier Joint Frequency Estimation (MC-JFE) algorithm, which enhances frequency estimation accuracy and real-time performance by deeply exploiting the multi-subcarrier structural characteristics of signals and jointly optimizing carrier frequency and frequency interval parameters. To overcome the intensive computational bottleneck in the engineering application of the MC-JFE algorithm, an innovative CPU+GPU heterogeneous parallel acceleration architecture is constructed, achieving over an order of magnitude improvement in execution efficiency through coordinated scheduling of CPU logic control and GPU large-scale parallel computing capabilities. To validate the theoretical and technical effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, real-time frequency estimation experiments were conducted on 5 978 Starlink satellite downlink beacon signals generated by a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform, along with a comparative Doppler estimation studies using measured signals from China’s border regions. Results show that the MC-JFE algorithm maintains the lowest estimation error boundary across the full SNR range (-10 dB to 10 dB), with over 50% improvement in estimation accuracy at 0 dB. Moreover, stable out-put is maintained during partial subcarrier interruptions through a phase information fusion mechanism. The CUDA-optimized CPU+GPU heterogeneous architecture achieves 0.1 Hz-level high-precision frequency estimation, with a peak speedup ratio of 47× (2.8× faster than traditional CPU solutions) and a positive correlation between accuracy and acceleration, providing highly reliable and real-time frequency estimation technical support for LEO satellite dynamic opportunistic navigation, demonstrating significant engineering application value.

Cite this article

Chuanjin DAI , Peijie QIN , Lin LI , Bo ZANG . A real-time high-precision frequency estimation algorithm for Starlink signals with CPU+GPU parallel acceleration[J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2025 , 46(24) : 332038 -332038 . DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2025.32038

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