Fig. 1

Diagram of wheel test device［16］

Fig.2

NASA test device for tire-generated spray［3］

Fig.3

Water flow and bubble distribution in grooves of tire observed in test［19］

Fig.4

Comparison of tire-pavement contact contours with different wear levels at the same speed and water film depth［20］

Fig.5

Contour of spray pattern defined by ESDU 83042［21］

Fig.6

Water splashing test for several types of aircrafts

Fig.7

Water splashing test for ARJ21-700 of China

Fig.8

Impingement drag on aircraft surface generated by landing gear water spray［25］

Fig.9

Computational model of coupled Eulerian- Lagrangian method［32］

Fig.10

Water film flow behind tire［37］

Fig.11

Computational model of water-contaminated runway［47］

Fig.12

Velocity distribution of tire-generated spray［47］

Fig.13

Distribution of water spray with height under different conditions［47］

Fig.14

Comparison of normalization spray mass densities between SPH results and NASA measurement［48］

Fig.15

Comparison of initial spray positions at different moments［48］

Fig.16

Motion trajectories of a row of SPH particles in tire-generated spray［48］

Fig.17

Division of SPH particle sources in tire-generated spray［48］

Fig.18

Velocity vectors of splashed particles at different moments［48］

Fig.19

Spray patterns at different water film thickness （V=136 m/s）［50］

Fig.20

Finite element model of elastic tire structure［52］

Fig.21

Tire-generated spray and particle sampling region［52］

Fig.22

Comparison of initial spray positions between rigid tire and elastic tire［52］

Fig.23

Comparison of spray mass distributions between rigid tire and elastic tire［52］

Fig.24

Comparison of initial spray positions between rolling and sliding elastic tires［52］

Fig.25

Comparison of spray mass distributions between rolling and sliding elastic tires［52］

Fig.26

Distribution of different types of spray particles in spray pattern［54］

Fig.27

Velocity distribution of splashed particles along tire rotation axis［54］

Fig.28

Spray pattern generated by double tires［56］

Fig.29

Side spray angles of aircraft with different taxiing speeds［57］

Fig.30

Comparison of water mist flow field around Cessna Citation II between experimental results and CRspray simulation results［62］

Fig.31

Water mist flow field under crosswind condition［63］

Fig.32

Comparison of water mist flow field around EMB170 between experimental results and simulation results［64］

Fig. 33

Simulation and experimental results of water absorption process in engine inlet［65］

Fig.34

Flow chart of numerical simulation platform for water spray and atomization［49］

Fig.35

Comparison of water mist flow field around ARJ21 between taxiing test and simulation results［67］

Fig.36

Contour of normalization spray mass concentration at different cross sections in water mist flow field around ARJ21-700 aircraft［49］

Fig.37

Experiment of droplet impingement on water film［81］

Fig.38

Distribution of water spray impact relative pressure on aircraft surface with crosswind［55］

Fig.39

Common measures for water spray suppression

Fig.40

Cross section of chined tire

Fig.41

Profiles of chined tire sidewall［48］

Fig.42

Front view of velocity vectors and pathlines of SPH particles around linear chine［48］

Fig.43

Variations of spray angles with linear chineangles［48］

Fig.44

Water mist flow field around ARJ21-700 aircraft generated by nose gear with different chine tires［49］

Fig.45

A new configuration of chined tire［88］

Fig.46

Comparison of suppression effect between different types of chined tires［88］