我国已先后成功实施三次地月往返探测飞行任务，涵盖绕月自由返回飞行试验、月球正面采样返回任务，以及人类首次月球背面采样返回任务。探月工程三期轨道设计团队以经典天体力学理论为根基，充分吸纳前期任务积累的在轨飞行工程实践经验，构建形成了一套通用化的地月往返轨道设计理论与方法体系。该体系融合三大核心理论：地月系统三体动力学建模理论、环月轨道解析摄动理论与地月往返转移轨道几何不变性理论；基于该体系，团队在绕月自由返回轨道设计、月地转移入射策略、月球轨道交会规划、大椭圆冻结轨道设计及飞行任务一体化综合规划等关键技术领域取得了系统性突破。相关技术成果可全面支撑绕月返回、顺行与逆行环月轨道捕获、月球南北纬地区着陆、月球正面与背面采样等多类典型任务的实施。本文系统梳理了上述理论与方法的推理过程，全面总结了多类典型任务在轨实践中积累的工程经验，旨在为后续月球探测任务的轨道设计工作提供有价值的技术参考。
China has successfully completed three consecutive Earth–Moon round-trip exploration missions, encompassing a circumlunar free-return flight, a lunar nearside sample-return mission, and the first-ever lunar far-side sample return mission. Leveraging fundamental classical celestial mechanics theory and flight-proven engineering experience accumulated from prior lunar exploration programs, the trajectory design team has developed a systematic theoretical and methodological framework dedicated to Earth–Moon round-trip trajectory design. This framework unifies three core theoretical pillars: the three-body dynamic modeling theory for the Earth–Moon system, the analytical perturbation theory for lunar orbits, and the geometric invariance theory for Earth–Moon transfer trajectories. Building on this framework, the team has achieved systematic breakthroughs in a suite of critical enabling technologies, including circumlunar free-return trajectory optimization, trans-Earth injection (TEI) strategy design, lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) trajectory planning, highly elliptical frozen orbit design, and end-to-end integrated mission planning. These technical advances have enabled the robust implementation of a diverse set of lunar mission scenarios, including circumlunar return, prograde and retrograde lunar orbit insertion, high-latitude landing in both lunar hemispheres, and nearside and far-side sampling return. This paper provides a systematic review of the evolutionary development of these theories and methodologies, alongside a comprehensive summary of flight-validated engineering experience accumulated via their on-orbit deployment. The objective of this work is to provide a foundational technical reference for the trajectory design in future lunar and deep space exploration missions.
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