未来十年，凌星系外行星巡天卫星（TESS）以及中国即将发射的“地球2.0”空间巡天卫星项目（ET2.0）等任务预计将发现数千颗新的凌星行星，其中包括一百多颗潜在的宜居带类地行星，人类发现的的小尺寸系外行星数量将迎来急剧增长。然而，目前尚无任何地基或天基望远镜能够对宜居带类地行星的大气进行全面刻画及生命信号搜寻，因此难以确定邻近类地行星是否真正适宜生命存在。 为填补这一空白，我国目前正在计划建造一台口径约为6.6米，覆盖紫外至近红外波段的空间望远镜，名为 “天邻计划”（Tianlin）。该望远镜计划于2035年左右开始运行，任务寿命超过10年，其首要科学目标是对邻近恒星宜居带内的岩石行星大气进行直接刻画，探测关键分子和潜在生命信号。经过模拟表明天邻计划能对近邻类地行星大气中的水分子进行初步探测。除了对系外行星的研究外，天邻计划凭借其较宽的波长覆盖范围和较大的集光面积，其将在星系形成、邻近星系考古学以及早期宇宙等天体物理学领域进行前沿性的科学研究。 文章将概述天邻计划初步的设备方案和仿真结果，还将聚焦于美国宇航局（NASA）的“宜居世界天文台”（HWO），欧洲空间局（ESA）主导的、采用中红外消零干涉技术的“大型系外行星干涉仪”（LIFE）任务，以及中国提出的采用干涉技术的“觅音计划”和利用高精度天体测量法的“近邻宜居行星巡天计划”（CHES）。通过对直接成像、消零干涉和天体测量这三种核心探测方法学的横向对比，揭示了不同技术路线的优势、局限性及其科学潜力。

The next decade will witness a dramatic expansion in the known population of small exoplanets, as missions such as TESS, and China's upcoming ET mission are expected to reveal thousands of new transiting planets, including more than one hundred potentially habitable terrestrial worlds. Yet despite this rapid progress, no planned facility—ground or space—will be capable of obtaining the comprehensive atmospheric characterization or biosignature assessments required to address whether any nearby Earth-sized planets are truly habitable or inhabited. To bridge this critical gap, China is currently supporting a concept study for Tianlin, a 6+ meter class space telescope covering the UV–NIR range, with operations envisioned to begin around 2035+ and a mission lifetime exceeding 10 years. Tianlin is designed with a primary science goal of directly characterizing rocky planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars, enabling the detection of key atmospheric species and potential biosignatures. Our preliminary simulations indicate that Tianlin would substantially advance the detection of water on a statistical sample of nearby terrestrial planets.Beyond its exoplanet focus, Tianlin will also deliver transformative science in galaxy formation, nearby galaxy archaeology, and early-universe astrophysics, enabled by its wide wavelength coverage and large collecting area. In this paper, we will present an overview of the Tianlin mission, including the baseline telescope and instrument requirements derived from our first-generation simulations. We will also focus on NASA's Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), the ESA-led Large Interferometer for Exoplanets (LIFE) mission employing mid-infrared nulling interferometry, as well as China's interferometry-based Miyin Program and the Nearby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES), which utilizes high-precision astrometry. We will discuss the advantages, limitations, and scientific potential of direct imaging, nulling interferometry, and astrometry methods.