为提升涵道无人机在狭窄环境下的姿态控制能力，以自主研制的原型机为基础，基于CFD开展了舵片气动干扰机理与优化设计研究。借鉴火箭栅格舵应用经验引入多平板结构，但仿真结果表明其控制力矩反而降低。机理分析揭示，板间狭小通道诱发的气流加速效应会大幅削弱舵面压差力矩。为此，通过转轴配置形式、平板数量、截面形状的协同优化，得到各平板独立转轴、由三块前缘齐平矩形板构成的高性能栅格舵片，相较原舵控制力矩提升达23.98%。进一步基于分区力矩贡献分析，对低效区域进行裁剪，在质量减轻13.3%的同时，力矩降幅不足5%，实现了轻量化与高力矩输出的协同优化。该研究为小型涵道无人机高效气动舵面的设计提供理论依据与实践参考。
To enhance the attitude control capability of ducted fan UAVs in confined environments, an investigation into the aerodynamic interference mechanisms and optimal design of control surfaces was conducted based on CFD using a self-developed prototype. A multi-plate configuration, inspired by the high-deflection application of rocket grid fins, was introduced to improve control authority. However, simulation results indicated a reduction in control moment. Mechanism analysis revealed that the strong flow acceleration effect induced by small inter-plate spacing is the key factor causing reduced pressure difference of each control surface. Accordingly, collaborative optimization is conducted from three dimensions: pivot configuration, plate quantity and cross-sectional shape. A high-performance grid-type control surface with independent pivots for each plate and three rectangular plates with aligned leading edges is obtained, whose control moment is increased by 23.98% compared with the original control surface. Furthermore, leveraging regional moment contribution analysis, low-efficiency areas were trimmed, reducing mass by 13.3% while limiting the moment loss to less than 5%. This study realizes the synergistic optimization of lightweighting and high-moment output, providing theoretical insights and practical guidance for the design of efficient aerodynamic control surfaces on small ducted fan UAVs.
[1]王思维, 王掩刚, 刘乾, 等.典型特征几何对涵道唇口性能影响研究[C]// 第六届空天动力联合会议暨中国航天第三专业信息网第四十二届技术交流会暨2021航空发动机技术发展高层论坛论文集. 成都: 中国科协航空发动机产学联合体, 2021: 3331-3338.
[2]LUO Y W, AI T F, HE Y H, et al.Aerodynamic analysis on unsteady characteristics of a ducted fan hovering in ceiling effect[J].Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2023, 17((1)):-
[3]LI H D, DONG X, GAO Y Z, et al.Numerical analysis on the ducted propeller aerodynamics in sidewall-ground effect[J].Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(12):125148-
[4]CARTER D J, BOUCHARD L, QUINN D B.Influence of the ground,ceiling,and sidewall on micro-quadrotors[J].AIAA Journal, 2021, 59(4):1-8
[5]AI T, FAN W, XU B, et al.Aerodynamic analysis and modeling of coaxial ducted fan aircraft with the ceiling effect[J].Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2021, 15(1):1563-1584
[6]LUO, Y, HE, Y, XU, B et al..Numerical simulation and analysis of a ducted-fan drone hovering in confined environments[J].Adv. Aerodyn, 2024, 6((18)):-
[7]王辰, 张宏剑, 闫伟, 等.重复使用运载火箭栅格舵选型设计与工艺方案研究[J].深空探测学报中英文, 2021, 8(01):51-61
[8]彭科, 胡凡, 张为华, 等.栅格翼气动特性及其应用研究综述[J].固体火箭技术, 2015, 38(04):458-464
[9]黎汉华, 石玉红.栅格翼国内外研究现状及发展趋势[J].导弹与航天运载技术, 2008, (6):27-30
[10]邓阳平, 米百刚, 詹浩, 曹飞.涵道螺旋桨地面效应试验与数值计算研究[J].西北工业大学学报, 2020, 38(5):1038-1046
[11]ZHANG H.LI BLI B. et al. Influence of propeller parameters on the aerodynamic performance of shrouded coaxial dual rotors in hover[J].Aerospace, 2023, 10(10):859-
[12]HABIBNIA M, PASCOA J.[J].Aerospace science and technology, 2019, 95:105495-
[13]文华东, 朱玥, 甘进, 等.不同类型网格对气动噪声预报的影响研究[J].武汉理工大学学报交通科学与工程版, 2023, 47(06):1073-1077
[14]CROMPTON M J.The thin aerofoil leading edge separation bubble[D]. Bristol: University of Bristol, 2001.
[15]ZHAO Z H, YANG C, JIANG W K.Aeroacoustic analysis of ducted contra-rotating-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles in hover[J].AIAA Journal, 2025, 63(8):3261-3274
[16]FLEMING J, JONES T, GELHAUSEN P, et al.Improving control system effectiveness for ducted fan VTOL UAVs operating in crosswinds[C]. San Diego: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003.
[17]HARRIS R.Investigation of control effectors for ducted fan VTOL UAVs[D]. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2007: 1-56.
[18]NGUYEN H T, NGUYEN T N, HUYNH V K.Control system design and model development for a ducted-fan singlecopter[J].Science and Technology Development Journal, 2017, 20(K3):38-44
[19]赵洪, 李建波, 崔钊.小型无人涵道飞行器飞行动力学特性[J].航空动力学报, 2019, 26(3):1321-1325
[20]孟高举.栅格舵微小型共轴双桨无人机平台设计与控制[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2022: 1-80.
[21]李海.涵道共轴双旋翼无人机总体设计及气动特性研究[D]. 长春: 中国科学院大学(中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所), 2021: 1-124.
CJA